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Pharmacodynamics: Based on the exposure response analyses for efficacy, a relationship between drug exposure and a greater likelihood of response was observed in clinical studies in patients with CLL, and in patients with AML. Based on the exposure response analyses for safety, a relationship between drug exposure and a greater likelihood of some safety events was observed in clinical studies in patients with AML. No exposure-safety relationship was observed in patients with CLL at doses up to 1200 mg given as monotherapy and up to 600 mg given in combination with rituximab.
Cardiac Electrophysiology: The effect of multiple doses of VENCLEXTA up to 1200 mg once daily (2 times the maximum approved recommended dosage) on the QTc interval was evaluated in an open-label, single-arm trial in 176 patients with previously treated hematologic malignancies. VENCLEXTA had no large effect on QTc interval (i.e., >20 ms) and there was no relationship between venetoclax exposure and change in QTc interval.
Clinical Studies: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: In Combination with Obinutuzumab: CLL14 (BO25323) was a randomized (1:1), multicenter, open-label, actively controlled trial (NCT02242942) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of VENCLEXTA in combination with obinutuzumab (VEN+G) versus obinutuzumab in combination with chlorambucil (GClb) for patients with previously untreated CLL with coexisting medical conditions (total Cumulative Illness Rating Scale [CIRS] score >6 or CLcr <70 mL/min). The trial required hepatic transaminases and total bilirubin ≤2 times upper limit of normal and excluded patients with Richter's transformation or any individual organ/system impairment score of 4 by CIRS except eye, ear, nose, and throat organ system.
All patients received obinutuzumab at 1000 mg on Days 1 (the first dose could be split as 100 mg and 900 mg on Days 1 and 2), 8 and 15 of Cycle 1, and on Day 1 of each subsequent cycle for a total of 6 cycles. Patients in the VEN+G arm began the VENCLEXTA 5-week ramp-up dosing schedule [see Recommended Dosage for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis for Tumor Lysis Syndrome under Dosage & Administration] on Day 22 of Cycle 1 and received VENCLEXTA 400 mg orally once daily from Cycle 3 Day 1 until the last day of Cycle 12. Patients randomized to the GClb arm received chlorambucil 0.5 mg/kg orally on Day 1 and Day 15 of Cycles 1 to 12. Each cycle was 28 days.
A total of 432 patients were randomized, 216 to each arm. Baseline demographic and disease characteristics were similar between the arms. The median age was 72 years (range: 41 to 89 years), 89% were White, 67% were male; 36% and 43% were Binet stage B and C, respectively, and 88% had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status <2. The median CIRS score was 8.0 (range: 0 to 28) and 58% of patients had CLcr <70 mL/min. A 17p deletion was detected in 8% of patients, TP53 mutations in 10%, 11q deletion in 19%, and unmutated IgVH in 57%.
Efficacy was based on progression-free survival (PFS) as assessed by an Independent Review Committee (IRC). The median duration of follow-up for PFS was 28 months (range: 0 to 36 months). Efficacy results for CLL14 are shown in Table 2. The Kaplan-Meier curve for PFS is shown in Figure 1. (See Table 2 and Figure 1.)
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Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageAt the time of analysis, median overall survival (OS) had not been reached, with fewer than 10% of patients experiencing an event. The median duration of follow-up for OS was 28 months.
Minimal residual disease (MRD) was evaluated using allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASO-PCR). The definition of negative status was less than one CLL cell per 104 leukocytes. Rates of MRD negativity 3 months after the completion of treatment regardless of response and in patients who achieved CR are shown in Table 3. At this assessment, 134 patients in the VEN+G arm who were MRD negative in peripheral blood had matched bone marrow specimens; of these, 122 patients (91%) were MRD negative in both peripheral blood and bone marrow. (See Table 3.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageTwelve months after the completion of treatment, MRD negativity rates in peripheral blood were 58% (126/216) in patients treated with VEN+G and 9% (20/216) in patients treated with GClb.
In Combination with Rituximab: MURANO was a randomized (1:1), multicenter, open-label trial (NCT02005471) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of VENCLEXTA in combination with rituximab (VEN+R) versus bendamustine in combination with rituximab (B+R) in patients with CLL who had received at least one line of prior therapy. Patients in the VEN+R arm completed the VENCLEXTA 5-week ramp-up dosing schedule [see Recommended Dosage for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis for Tumor Lysis Syndrome under Dosage & Administration] and received VENCLEXTA 400 mg orally once daily for 24 months from Cycle 1 Day 1 of rituximab in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Rituximab was initiated after the 5-week dose ramp-up at a dose of 375 mg/m2 intravenously on Day 1 of Cycle 1 and 500 mg/m2 intravenously on Day 1 of Cycles 2-6. Patients randomized to B+R received bendamustine 70 mg/m2 intravenously on Days 1 and 2 for 6 cycles in combination with rituximab at the previously described dose and schedule. Each cycle was 28 days.
A total of 389 patients were randomized: 194 to the VEN+R arm and 195 to the B+R arm. Baseline demographic and disease characteristics were similar between the VEN+R and B+R arms. The median age was 65 years (range: 22 to 85 years), 97% were White, 74% were male, and 99% had ECOG performance status <2. Median prior lines of therapy was 1 (range: 1 to 5); 59% had received 1 prior therapy, 26% had received 2 prior therapies, and 16% had received 3 or more prior therapies. Prior therapies included alkylating agents (94%), anti-CD20 antibodies (77%), B-cell receptor pathway inhibitors (2%), and prior purine analogs (81%, including fludarabine/cyclophosphamide/rituximab in 55%). A 17p deletion was detected in 24% of patients, TP53 mutations in 25%, 11q deletion in 32%, and unmutated IgVH in 63%.
Efficacy was based on PFS as assessed by an IRC. The median follow-up for PFS was 23.4 months (range: 0 to 37.4+ months). Efficacy results for MURANO are shown in Table 4. The Kaplan-Meier curve for PFS is shown in Figure 2. (See Table 4 and Figure 2.)
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Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageAt 3 months after the last dose of rituximab, the MRD negativity rate in peripheral blood in patients who achieved PR or better was 54% (104/194) in the VEN+R arm and 12% (23/195) in the B+R arm. The MRD-negative CR/CRi rate at this timepoint was 3% (6/194) in the VEN+R arm and 2% (3/195) in the B+R arm.
71-Month Follow-Up: With an overall follow-up of 71 months, the investigator-assessed median PFS was 53.6 months (95% CI: 48.4, 57.0) in the VEN+R arm and 17.0 months (95% CI: 15.5, 21.7) in the B+R arm. Median OS had not been reached in either arm. Death occurred in 16% (32/194) of patients in the VEN+R arm and 33% (64/195) of patients in the B+R arm (stratified HR 0.40; 95% CI [0.26, 0.62]). The Kaplan-Meier curve for OS is shown in Figure 3. (See Figure 3.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageMonotherapy: The efficacy of VENCLEXTA monotherapy in previously treated CLL is based on three single-arm trials.
M13-982: M13-982 (NCT01889186) was an open-label, multicenter trial that enrolled 106 patients with CLL with 17p deletion who had received at least one prior therapy. In the trial, 17p deletion was confirmed in peripheral blood specimens from patients using Vysis CLL FISH Probe Kit, which is FDA approved for selection of patients for VENCLEXTA treatment. Patients received VENCLEXTA 400 mg orally once daily following completion of the ramp-up dosing schedule [see Recommended Dosage for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis for Tumor Lysis Syndrome under Dosage & Administration].
Efficacy was based on overall response rate (ORR) as assessed by an IRC.
Table 5 summarizes the baseline demographic and disease characteristics of the trial population. (See Table 5.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageThe median time on treatment at the time of evaluation was 12.1 months (range: 0 to 21.5 months). Efficacy results are shown in Table 6. (See Table 6.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageThe median time to first response was 0.8 months (range: 0.1 to 8.1 months).
Based on a later data cutoff date and investigator-assessed efficacy, the duration of response (DOR) ranged from 2.9 to 32.8+ months. The median DOR has not been reached with median follow-up of 22 months.
Minimal residual disease was evaluated in peripheral blood and bone marrow for patients who achieved CR or CRi, following treatment with VENCLEXTA. Three percent (3/106) achieved MRD negativity in the peripheral blood and bone marrow (less than one CLL cell per 104 leukocytes).
M12-175: M12-175 (NCT01328626) was an open-label, multicenter trial that enrolled previously treated patients with CLL, including those with 17p deletion. Efficacy was evaluated in 67 patients (59 with CLL) who had received VENCLEXTA 400 mg orally once daily following completion of a ramp-up dosing schedule. Patients continued this dose until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The median duration of treatment at the time of evaluation was 22.1 months (range: 0.5 to 71.7 months).
The median age was 65 years (range: 42 to 84 years), 78% were male and 87% were White. The median number of prior treatments was 3 (range: 1 to 11). At baseline, 67% of patients had one or more nodes ≥5 cm, 30% of patients had ALC ≥25 x 109/L, 33% had documented unmutated IgVH, and 21% had documented 17p deletion.
Efficacy was based on 2008 IWCLL guidelines and assessed by an IRC. The ORR was 76% (95% CI: 64%, 86%), with a CR + CRi rate of 10% and PR rate of 66%. The median DOR was 36.2 months (range: 2.4 to 52.4 months).
M14-032: M14-032 (NCT02141282) was an open-label, multicenter trial that enrolled patients with CLL who had been previously treated with and progressed on or after ibrutinib or idelalisib. Patients received VENCLEXTA 400 mg orally once daily following completion of the ramp-up dosing schedule [see Recommended Dosage for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis for Tumor Lysis Syndrome under Dosage & Administration]. Patients continued this dose until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. At the time of analysis, the median duration of treatment was 19.5 months (range: 0.1 to 39.5 months).
Of the 127 patients treated (91 with prior ibrutinib, 36 with prior idelalisib), the median age was 66 years (range: 28 to 85 years), 70% were male and 92% were White. The median number of prior treatments was 4 (range: 1 to 15). At baseline, 41% of patients had one or more nodes ≥5 cm, 31% had an ALC ≥25 x 109/L, 57% had documented unmutated IgVH, and 39% had documented 17p deletion.
Efficacy was based on 2008 IWCLL guidelines and was assessed by an IRC. The ORR was 70% (95% CI: 61%, 78%), with a CR + CRi rate of 5% and PR rate of 65%. The median DOR was not reached with a median follow-up time of 19.9 months (range: 2.9 to 36 months).
Acute Myeloid Leukemia: VENCLEXTA was studied in adult patients with newly diagnosed AML who were 75 years or older, or had comorbidities that precluded the use of intensive induction chemotherapy based on at least one of the following criteria: baseline ECOG performance status of 2-3, severe cardiac or pulmonary comorbidity, moderate hepatic impairment, CLcr <45 mL/min, or other comorbidity.
In Combination with Azacitidine or Decitabine: VIALE-A was a randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (NCT02993523) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of VENCLEXTA in combination with azacitidine (VEN+AZA) versus placebo with azacitidine (PBO+AZA).
Patients received VENCLEXTA 400 mg orally once daily on Days 1-28 following completion of the ramp-up dosing schedule [see Recommended Dosage for Acute Myeloid Leukemia under Dosage & Administration] or placebo in combination with azacitidine 75 mg/m2 either intravenously or subcutaneously on Days 1-7 of each 28-day cycle beginning on Cycle 1 Day 1. During the ramp-up, patients received TLS prophylaxis and were hospitalized for monitoring.
Once bone marrow assessment confirmed a remission, defined as less than 5% leukemia blasts with cytopenia following Cycle 1 treatment, VENCLEXTA or placebo was interrupted up to 14 days or until ANC ≥500/microliter and platelet count ≥50 × 103/microliter. For patients with resistant disease at the end of Cycle 1, a bone marrow assessment was performed after Cycle 2 or 3 and as clinically indicated. Azacitidine was resumed on the same day as VENCLEXTA or placebo following interruption. Azacitidine dose reduction was implemented in the clinical trial for management of hematologic toxicity [see Dosage Modifications for Adverse Reactions under Dosage & Administration]. Patients continued treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
A total of 431 patients were randomized: 286 to the VEN+AZA arm and 145 to the PBO+AZA arm. The baseline demographic and disease characteristic are shown in Table 7. (See Table 7.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageEfficacy was based on overall survival (OS), measured from the date of randomization to death from any cause. The combination of VEN+AZA was superior in OS to PBO+AZA.
The Kaplan-Meier curve for OS is shown in Figure 4. The efficacy results of VIALE-A are shown in Table 8. (See Figure 4 and Table 8.)
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Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageAmong the patients treated with VEN+AZA, 155 were dependent on red blood cell (RBC) and/or platelets transfusions at baseline; of these patients, 49% (76/155) became independent of RBC and platelet transfusions during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period. Of the patients treated with VEN+AZA, 131 were independent of both RBC and platelet transfusions at baseline, 69% (90/131) remained transfusion independent during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period. Among the patients treated with PBO+AZA, 81 were dependent on RBC and/or platelets transfusions at baseline; of these patients, 27% (22/81) patients became independent of RBC and platelet transfusions during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period. Of the patients treated with PBO+AZA, 64 were independent of both RBC and platelet transfusions at baseline, 42% (27/64) remained transfusion independent during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period.
The median time to first response of CR or CRh was 1.0 months (range: 0.6 to 14.3 months) with VEN+AZA treatment.
M14-358: M14-358 (NCT02203773) was a non-randomized, open-label trial that evaluated the efficacy of VENCLEXTA in combination with azacitidine (N=84) or decitabine (N=31) in patients with newly diagnosed AML. Of those patients, 67 who received azacitidine combination and 13 who received decitabine combination were 75 years or older, or had comorbidities that precluded the use of intensive induction chemotherapy.
Patients received VENCLEXTA 400 mg orally once daily following completion of the ramp-up dosing schedule [see Recommended Dosage for Acute Myeloid Leukemia under Dosage & Administration] in combination with azacitidine (75 mg/m2 either intravenously or subcutaneously on Days 1-7 of each 28-day cycle beginning on Cycle 1 Day 1) or decitabine (20 mg/m2 intravenously on Days 1-5 of each 28-day cycle beginning on Cycle 1 Day 1). During the ramp-up phase, patients received TLS prophylaxis and were hospitalized for monitoring. Patients continued treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Once bone marrow assessment confirmed a remission, defined as less than 5% leukemia blasts, with cytopenia following Cycle 1 treatment, VENCLEXTA was interrupted up to 14 days or until ANC ≥500/microliter and platelet count ≥50 × 103/microliter. Azacitidine dose reduction was implemented in the clinical trial for management of hematologic toxicity [see Dosage Modifications for Adverse Reactions under Dosage & Administration]. Dose reductions for decitabine were not implemented in the clinical trial. Baseline demographic and disease characteristic are shown in Table 9. (See Table 9.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageThe efficacy results are shown in Table 10. (See Table 10.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageThe median follow-up was 15.9 months (range: 0.4 to 40.3 months) for VENCLEXTA in combination with azacitidine. The median duration of CR was 23.8 months (95% CI: 15.4, -), and the median duration of CR+CRh was 26.5 months (95% CI: 17.4, -).
The median follow-up was 11.0 months (range: 0.7 to 38.8 months) for VENCLEXTA in combination with decitabine. The median duration of CR was 12.7 months (95% CI: 1.4, -) and median duration of CR+CRh was 12.7 months (95% CI: 1.4, 20.0). Duration of CR is defined as time from the first documentation of CR to the first date of relapse, clinical disease progression or death due to disease progression, whichever occurred earliest. Duration of CR+CRh is defined as time from the first documentation of either CR or CRh to the first date of relapse, clinical disease progression or death due to disease progression, whichever occurred earliest.
Median time to first CR or CRh for patients treated with VENCLEXTA in combination with azacitidine was 1.0 month (range: 0.7 to 8.9 months).
Median time to first CR or CRh for patients treated with VENCLEXTA in combination with decitabine was 1.9 months (range: 0.8 to 4.2 months).
Of patients treated with VENCLEXTA in combination with azacitidine, 12% (8/67) subsequently received stem cell transplant.
The trial enrolled 35 additional patients (age range: 65 to 74 years) who did not have known comorbidities that precluded the use of intensive induction chemotherapy and were treated with VENCLEXTA in combination with azacitidine (N=17) or decitabine (N=18).
For the 17 patients treated with VENCLEXTA in combination with azacitidine, the CR rate was 35% (95% CI: 14%, 62%). The CRh rate was 41% (95% CI: 18%, 67%). Nine (53%) patients subsequently received stem cell transplant.
For the 18 patients treated with VENCLEXTA in combination with decitabine, the CR rate was 56% (95% CI: 31%, 79%). The CRh rate was 22% (95% CI: 6.4%, 48%). Four (22%) patients subsequently received stem cell transplant.
In Combination with Low-Dose Cytarabine: VIALE-C was a randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (NCT03069352) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of VENCLEXTA in combination with low-dose cytarabine (VEN+LDAC) versus placebo with low-dose cytarabine (PBO+LDAC).
Patients received VENCLEXTA 600 mg orally once daily on Days 1-28 following completion of the ramp-up dosing schedule [see Recommended Dosage for Acute Myeloid Leukemia under Dosage & Administration] or placebo in combination with cytarabine 20 mg/m2 subcutaneously once daily on Days 1-10 of each 28-day cycle beginning on Cycle 1 Day 1. During the ramp-up phase, patients received TLS prophylaxis and were hospitalized for monitoring.
Once bone marrow assessment confirmed a remission, defined as less than 5% leukemia blasts with cytopenia following Cycle 1 treatment, VENCLEXTA or placebo was interrupted up to 14 days or until ANC ≥500/microliter and platelet count ≥50 × 103/microliter. For patients with resistant disease at the end of Cycle 1, a bone marrow assessment was performed after Cycle 2 or 3 and as clinically indicated. LDAC was resumed on the same day as VENCLEXTA or placebo following interruption. Patients continued to receive treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Baseline demographic and disease characteristic are shown in Table 11. (See Table 11.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageEfficacy was based on the rate of CR and duration of CR with supportive evidence of rate of CR+CRh, duration of CR+CRh, and the rate of conversion from transfusion dependence to transfusion independence. The CR rate in the VEN+LDAC arm was 27% (95% CI: 20%, 35%) with a median duration of CR of 11.1 months (95% CI: 6.1, -), and the CR rate in the PBO+LDAC arm was 7.4% (95% CI: 2.4%, 16%) with a median duration of CR of 8.3 months (95% CI: 3.1, -). The CR+CRh rate in the VEN+LDAC arm was 47% (95% CI: 39%, 55%) and in the PBO+LDAC arm was 15% (95% CI: 7.3%, 25%) with a median duration of CR+CRh of 11.1 months with VEN+LDAC treatment and 6.2 months with PBO+LDAC treatment. The median time to first response of CR or CRh was 1.0 month (range: 0.7 to 5.8 months) with VEN+LDAC treatment.
Among the patients treated with VEN+LDAC, 111 were dependent on RBC and/or platelets transfusions at baseline; of these patients, 33% (37/111) patients became independent of RBC and platelet transfusions during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period. Of the patients treated with VEN+LDAC, 32 were independent of both RBC and platelet transfusions at baseline, 50% (16/32) remained transfusion independent during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period.
Among the patients treated with PBO+LDAC, 55 were dependent on RBC and/or platelets transfusions at baseline; of these patients, 13% (7/55) patients became independent of RBC and platelet transfusions during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period. Of the patients treated with PBO+LDAC, 13 were independent of both RBC and platelet transfusions at baseline, 31% (4/13) remained transfusion independent during any consecutive ≥56-day post-baseline period.
VEN+LDAC did not significantly improve OS versus PBO+LDAC. The hazard ratio (HR) for OS was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.52, 1.07); p-value 0.114. The median OS for VEN+LDAC arm was 7.2 months (95% CI: 5.6, 10.1) and for PBO+LDAC arm was 4.1 months (95% CI: 3.1, 8.8).
M14-387: M14-387 (NCT02287233) was a non-randomized, open-label trial that evaluated the efficacy of VEN+LDAC (N=82) in patients with newly diagnosed AML, including patients with previous exposure to a hypomethylating agent for an antecedent hematologic disorder. Of those patients, 61 were 75 years or older, or had comorbidities that precluded the use of intensive induction chemotherapy.
Patients received VENCLEXTA 600 mg orally once daily on Days 1-28 following completion of the ramp-up phase [see Recommended Dosage for Acute Myeloid Leukemia under Dosage & Administration] in combination with cytarabine 20 mg/m2 subcutaneously once daily on Days 1-10 of each 28-day cycle beginning on Cycle 1 Day 1. During the ramp-up, patients received TLS prophylaxis and were hospitalized for monitoring. Once bone marrow assessment confirmed a remission, defined as less than 5% leukemia blasts with cytopenia following Cycle 1 treatment, VENCLEXTA was interrupted up to 14 days or until ANC ≥500/microliter and platelet count ≥50 × 103/microliter. Patients continued treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Baseline demographic and disease characteristic are shown in Table 12. (See Table 12.)
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageThe median follow-up was 7.3 months (range: 0.3 to 54.0 months). The CR rate was 21% (95% CI: 12, 34) and CRh rate was 21% (95% CI: 12, 34).
The median duration of CR was 22.9 months (95% CI: 5.1, -) and the median duration of CR+CRh was 14.3 months (95% CI: 6.1, 31.2).
Median time to first CR or CRh for patients treated with VEN+LDAC was 1.0 month (range: 0.8 to 9.4 months).
The trial enrolled 21 additional patients (age range: 67 to 74 years) who did not have known comorbidities that precluded the use of intensive induction chemotherapy and were treated with VEN+LDAC. The CR rate was 33% (95% CI: 15%, 57%). The CRh rate was 24% (95% CI: 8.2%, 47%). One patient (4.8%) subsequently received stem cell transplant.
Pharmacokinetics: Venetoclax mean (± standard deviation) steady state Cmax was 2.1 ± 1.1 mcg/mL and AUC0-24h was 32.8 ± 16.9 mcg·h/mL following administration of 400 mg once daily with a low-fat meal. Venetoclax steady state AUC increased proportionally over the dose range of 150 to 800 mg (0.25 to 1.33 times the maximum approved recommended dosage). The pharmacokinetics of venetoclax does not change over time.
Absorption: Maximum plasma concentration of venetoclax was reached 5 to 8 hours following multiple oral administration under fed conditions.
Effect of Food: Administration with a low-fat meal (approximately 512 kilocalories, 25% fat calories, 60% carbohydrate calories, and 15% protein calories) increased venetoclax exposure by approximately 3.4-fold and administration with a high-fat meal (approximately 753 kilocalories, 55% fat calories, 28% carbohydrate calories, and 17% protein calories) increased venetoclax exposure by 5.1- to 5.3-fold compared with fasting conditions.
Distribution: Venetoclax is highly bound to human plasma protein with unbound fraction in plasma <0.01 across a concentration range of 1-30 micromolar (0.87-26 mcg/mL). The mean blood-to-plasma ratio was 0.57. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdss/F) of venetoclax ranged from 256-321 L in patients.
Elimination: The terminal elimination half-life of venetoclax was approximately 26 hours.
Metabolism: Venetoclax is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A in vitro. The major metabolite identified in plasma, M27, has an inhibitory activity against BCL-2 that is at least 58-fold lower than venetoclax in vitro and its AUC represented 80% of the parent AUC.
Excretion: After single oral dose of radiolabeled [14C]-venetoclax 200 mg to healthy subjects, >99.9% of the dose was recovered in feces (21% as unchanged) and <0.1% in urine within 9 days.
Specific Populations: No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of venetoclax were observed based on age (19 to 93 years), sex, weight, mild to severe renal impairment (CLcr 15 to 89 mL/min, calculated by Cockcroft-Gault), or mild to moderate hepatic impairment (normal total bilirubin and aspartate transaminase (AST) > upper limit of normal (ULN) or total bilirubin 1 to 3 times ULN). The effect of end-stage renal disease (CLcr <15 mL/min) or dialysis on venetoclax pharmacokinetics is unknown.
Racial or Ethnic Groups: No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of venetoclax were observed in White, Black, and Asian patients enrolled in the United States. Of 771 patients with AML, Asian patients from Asian countries [China (5.6%), Japan (5.5%), South Korea (2.1%), and Taiwan (0.9%)] had 63% higher venetoclax exposure than non-Asian populations.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment: Following a single dose of VENCLEXTA 50 mg, venetoclax systemic exposure (AUC0-INF) was 2.7-fold higher in subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) compared to subjects with normal hepatic function [see Dosage Modifications for Patients with Severe Hepatic Impairment under Dosage & Administration; Hepatic Impairment under Precautions]. No clinically relevant differences in venetoclax systemic exposure were observed between subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment and subjects with normal hepatic function.
Drug Interactions Studies: Clinical Studies: No clinically significant differences in venetoclax pharmacokinetics were observed when coadministered with azacitidine, azithromycin, cytarabine, decitabine, gastric acid reducing agents, obinutuzumab, or rituximab.
Ketoconazole: Concomitant use of ketoconazole (a strong CYP3A, P-gp, and BCRP inhibitor) 400 mg once daily for 7 days increased venetoclax Cmax by 130% and AUC0-INF by 540% [see Effects of Other Drugs on VENCLEXTA under Interactions].
Ritonavir: Concomitant use of ritonavir (a strong CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP1B1/B3 inhibitor) 50 mg once daily for 14 days increased venetoclax Cmax by 140% and AUC by 690% [see Effects of Other Drugs on VENCLEXTA under Interactions].
Posaconazole: Concomitant use of posaconazole (a strong CYP3A and P-gp inhibitor) 300 mg with VENCLEXTA 50 mg and 100 mg for 7 days resulted in 61% and 86% higher venetoclax Cmax, respectively, compared with VENCLEXTA 400 mg administered alone. The venetoclax AUC0-24h was 90% and 144% higher, respectively [see Effects of Other Drugs on VENCLEXTA under Interactions].
Rifampin: Concomitant use of a single dose of rifampin (an OATP1B1/1B3 and P-gp inhibitor) 600 mg increased venetoclax Cmax by 106% and AUC0-INF by 78%. Concomitant use of multiple doses of rifampin (as a strong CYP3A inducer) 600 mg once daily for 13 days decreased venetoclax Cmax by 42% and AUC0-INF by 71% [see Effects of Other Drugs on VENCLEXTA under Interactions].
Warfarin: Concomitant use of a single 400 mg dose of VENCLEXTA with 5 mg of warfarin resulted in 18% to 28% increase in Cmax and AUC0-INF of R-warfarin and S-warfarin [see Effect of VENCLEXTA on Other Drugs under Interactions].
Digoxin: Concomitant use of a single dose of VENCLEXTA 100 mg with digoxin (a P-gp substrate) 0.5 mg increased digoxin Cmax by 35% and AUC0-INF by 9% [see Effect of VENCLEXTA on Other Drugs under Interactions].
In Vitro Studies: Venetoclax is not an inhibitor or inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4. Venetoclax is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and UGT1A1.
Venetoclax is not an inhibitor of UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, or UGT2B7.
Venetoclax is an inhibitor and substrate of P-gp and BCRP and weak inhibitor of OATP1B1.
Venetoclax is not an inhibitor of OATP1B3, OCT1, OCT2, OAT1, OAT3, MATE1, or MATE2K.
Toxicology: Nonclinical Toxicology: Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Neither venetoclax nor M27, a major human metabolite, were carcinogenic in a 6-month transgenic (Tg.rasH2) mouse study at oral doses up to 400 mg/kg/day of venetoclax, and at a single oral dose level of 250 mg/kg/day of M27.
Venetoclax was not mutagenic in an in vitro bacterial mutagenicity (Ames) assay, did not induce numerical or structural aberrations in an in vitro chromosome aberration assay using human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and was not clastogenic in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay at doses up to 835 mg/kg. The M27 metabolite was negative for genotoxic activity in in vitro Ames and chromosome aberration assays.
Fertility and early embryonic development studies were conducted in male and female mice. These studies evaluate mating, fertilization, and embryonic development through implantation. There were no effects of venetoclax on estrous cycles, mating, fertility, corpora lutea, uterine implants or live embryos per litter at dosages up to 600 mg/kg/day. However, a risk to human male fertility exists based on testicular toxicity (germ cell loss) observed in dogs at exposures as low as 0.5 times the human AUC exposure at a dose of 400 mg.
Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology: In dogs, venetoclax caused single-cell necrosis in various tissues, including the gallbladder, exocrine pancreas, and stomach with no evidence of disruption of tissue integrity or organ dysfunction; these findings were minimal to mild in magnitude. Following a 4-week dosing period and subsequent 4-week recovery period, minimal single-cell necrosis was still present in some tissues and reversibility has not been assessed following longer periods of dosing or recovery.
In addition, after approximately 3 months of daily dosing in dogs, venetoclax caused progressive white discoloration of the hair coat due to loss of melanin pigment.
