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Pharmacodynamics: Cardiac Electrophysiology: In an ECG substudy conducted in 52 patients with ALK-positive NSCLC, the maximum mean QTcF (corrected QT by the Fridericia method) change from baseline was 12.3 ms (2-sided 90% upper CI: 19.5 ms) following administration of XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily. An exposure-QT analysis suggested a crizotinib plasma concentration-dependent increase in QTcF [see QT Interval Prolongation under Precautions].
Clinical Studies: ALK- or ROS1-Positive Metastatic Non Small Cell Lung Cancer: Previously Untreated ALK-Positive Metastatic NSCLC - Study 1 (PROFILE 1014; NCT01154140): The efficacy of XALKORI for the treatment of patients with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC, who had not received previous systemic treatment for advanced disease, was demonstrated in a randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled study (Study 1). Patients were required to have ALK-positive NSCLC as identified by the FDA-approved assay, Vysis ALK Break-Apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Probe Kit, prior to randomization. The major efficacy outcome measure was progression-free survival (PFS) according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 as assessed by independent radiology review (IRR) committee. Additional efficacy outcome measures included objective response rate (ORR) as assessed by IRR, DOR, and overall survival (OS). Patient-reported lung cancer symptoms were assessed at baseline and periodically during treatment.
Patients were randomized to receive XALKORI (n=172) or chemotherapy (n=171). Randomization was stratified by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (0-1, 2), race (Asian, non-Asian), and brain metastases (present, absent). Patients in the XALKORI arm received XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily until documented disease progression, intolerance to therapy, or the investigator determined that the patient was no longer experiencing clinical benefit. Chemotherapy consisted of pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 with cisplatin 75 mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC of 5 or 6 mg × min/mL by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks for up to 6 cycles. Patients in the chemotherapy arm were not permitted to receive maintenance chemotherapy. At the time of documented disease progression, as per independent radiology review, patients randomized to chemotherapy were offered XALKORI.
The demographic characteristics of the overall study population were 62% female, median age of 53 years, baseline ECOG performance status 0 or 1 (95%), 51% White and 46% Asian, 4% current smokers, 32% past smokers, and 64% never smokers. The disease characteristics of the overall study population were metastatic disease in 98% of patients, 92% of patients' tumors were classified as adenocarcinoma histology, 27% of patients had brain metastases, and 7% received systemic chemotherapy as adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy. At the time of the final analysis of overall survival, 84% of patients randomized to the chemotherapy arm subsequently received XALKORI.
Study 1 demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in PFS in patients treated with XALKORI. There was no statistically significant difference in OS between patients treated with XALKORI and patients treated with chemotherapy. Table 1 and Figure 1 summarize the efficacy results. Exploratory patient-reported symptom measures of baseline and post-treatment dyspnea, cough, and chest pain suggested a delay in time to development of or worsening of dyspnea, but not cough or chest pain, in patients treated with XALKORI as compared to chemotherapy. The patient-reported delay in onset or worsening of dyspnea may be an overestimation, because patients were not blinded to treatment assignment. (See Table 1 and Figure 1.)
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Click on icon to see table/diagram/imagePreviously Treated ALK-Positive Metastatic NSCLC - Study 2 (PROFILE 1007; NCT00932893): The efficacy of XALKORI as monotherapy for the treatment of 347 patients with ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC, previously treated with 1 platinum-based chemotherapy regimen, were demonstrated in a randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled study (Study 2). The major efficacy outcome was PFS according to RECIST version 1.1 as assessed by IRR. Additional efficacy outcomes included ORR as assessed by IRR, DOR, and OS.
Patients were randomized to receive XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily (n=173) or chemotherapy (n=174). Chemotherapy consisted of pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 (if pemetrexed naïve; n=99) or docetaxel 75 mg/m2 (n=72) intravenously (IV) every 21 days. Patients in both treatment arms continued treatment until documented disease progression, intolerance to therapy, or the investigator determined that the patient was no longer experiencing clinical benefit. Randomization was stratified by ECOG performance status (0-1, 2), brain metastases (present, absent), and prior EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment (yes, no). Patients were required to have ALK-positive NSCLC as identified by the FDA-approved assay, Vysis ALK Break-Apart FISH Probe Kit, prior to randomization.
The demographic characteristics of the overall study population were 56% female, median age of 50 years, baseline ECOG performance status 0 or 1 (90%), 52% White and 45% Asian, 4% current smokers, 33% past smokers, and 63% never smokers. The disease characteristics of the overall study population were metastatic disease in at least 95% of patients and at least 93% of patients' tumors were classified as adenocarcinoma histology. At the time of the final analysis of overall survival, 89% of patients randomized to the chemotherapy arm subsequently received XALKORI.
Study 2 demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in PFS in the patients treated with XALKORI. Table 2 and Figure 2 summarize the efficacy results. (See Table 2 and Figure 2.)
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Click on icon to see table/diagram/imageROS1-Positive Metastatic NSCLC - Study 3 (PROFILE 1001; NCT00585195): The efficacy and safety of XALKORI was investigated in a multicenter, single-arm study (Study 3), in which patients with ROS1-positive metastatic NSCLC received XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily. Patients were required to have histologically-confirmed advanced NSCLC with a ROS1 rearrangement, age 18 years or older, ECOG performance status of 0, 1, or 2, and measurable disease. The efficacy outcome measures were ORR and DOR according to RECIST version 1.0 as assessed by IRR and investigator, with imaging performed every 8 weeks for the first 60 weeks.
Baseline demographic and disease characteristics were female (56%), median age of 53 years, baseline ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 (98%), White (54%), Asian (42%), past smokers (22%), never smokers (78%), metastatic disease (92%), adenocarcinoma (96%), no prior systemic therapy for metastatic disease (14%), and prior platinum-based chemotherapy for metastatic disease (80%). The ROS1 status of NSCLC tissue samples was determined by laboratory-developed break-apart FISH (96%) or RT-PCR (4%) clinical trial assays. For assessment by FISH, ROS1 positivity required that ≥15% of a minimum of 50 evaluated nuclei contained a ROS1 gene rearrangement.
Efficacy results are summarized in Table 3.
Click on icon to see table/diagram/imagePharmacokinetics: Following XALKORI 250 mg twice daily, steady state was reached within 15 days and remained stable, with a median accumulation ratio of 4.8. Steady-state observed minimum concentration (Cmin) and AUC increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner over the dose range of 200 mg to 300 mg twice daily (0.8 to 1.2 times the approved recommended dosage).
Absorption: A single crizotinib dose was absorbed with median time to achieve peak concentration of 4 to 6 hours, and the mean absolute bioavailability of crizotinib was 43% (range: 32% to 66%).
Effect of Food: A high-fat meal reduced crizotinib AUC0-INF and maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) by approximately 14%.
Distribution: The geometric mean volume of distribution (Vss) of crizotinib was 1772 L following a single intravenous dose.
Protein binding of crizotinib is 91% and is independent of drug concentration in vitro. Crizotinib is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro. The blood-to-plasma concentration ratio is approximately 1.
Elimination: The mean apparent plasma terminal half-life of crizotinib was 42 hours following single doses of crizotinib in patients. The mean apparent clearance (CL/F) of crizotinib was lower at steady state (60 L/h) after 250 mg twice daily than after a single 250 mg oral dose (100 L/h).
Metabolism: Crizotinib is predominantly metabolized by CYP3A.
Excretion: Following administration of a single oral 250 mg dose of radiolabeled crizotinib dose to healthy subjects, 63% (53% as unchanged) of the administered dose was recovered in feces and 22% (2.3% as unchanged) in urine.
Specific Populations: No clinically significant difference in crizotinib pharmacokinetics were observed based on age, sex, ethnicity (Asian, non-Asian). For patients <18 years of age, body weight has a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of crizotinib, with lower crizotinib exposures observed in patients with higher body weight.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment: Steady-state mean crizotinib AUC and Cmax decreased by 9% in patients with mild hepatic impairment (AST >ULN and total bilirubin ≤1 times ULN or any AST and total bilirubin >1 times ULN but ≤1.5 times ULN) compared to patients with normal hepatic function following XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily.
Steady-state mean crizotinib AUC increased by 14% and Cmax increased by 9% in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (any AST and total bilirubin >1.5 times ULN and ≤3 times ULN) following XALKORI 200 mg orally twice daily compared with patients with normal hepatic function following XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily.
Mean crizotinib AUC decreased by 35% and Cmax decreased by 27% in patients with severe hepatic impairment (any AST and total bilirubin >3 times ULN) following XALKORI 250 mg orally once daily compared with patients with normal hepatic function following XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily [see Recommended Dosing under Dosage & Administration and Hepatic Impairment under Precautions].
Patients with Renal Impairment: Mild or moderate renal impairment (CLcr of 60-89 ml/min or 30-59 ml/min, respectively, calculated using the modified Cockcroft-Gault equation) has no clinically significant effect on the exposure of crizotinib.
Following a single 250 mg dose, the mean AUC0-INF of crizotinib increased by 79% and the mean Cmax increased by 34% in patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr <30 mL/min) who did not require dialysis compared to those with normal renal function (CLcr ≥90 mL/min). Similar changes in AUC0-INF and Cmax were observed for the active metabolite of crizotinib [see Dosage Modifications for Moderate and Severe Hepatic Impairment under Dosage & Administration and Renal Impairment under Precautions].
Drug Interaction Studies: Clinical Studies: Gastric Acid Reducing Agents: No clinically significant differences in crizotinib pharmacokinetics were observed when used concomitantly with esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor.
Strong CYP3A Inhibitors: Co-administration of a single 150 mg oral dose of crizotinib with ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, increased crizotinib AUC0-INF by 216% and Cmax by 44% compared to crizotinib alone. Co-administration of XALKORI 250 mg orally once daily with itraconazole, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, increased crizotinib steady-state AUC by 57% and Cmax by 33%, respectively, compared to crizotinib alone [see Effect of Other Drugs on XALKORI under Interactions].
Strong CYP3A Inducers: Co-administration of XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily with rifampin a strong CYP3A inducer, decreased crizotinib steady-state AUC0-Tau by 84% and Cmax by 79%, compared to crizotinib alone [see Effect of Other Drugs on XALKORI under Interactions].
CYP3A Substrates: Co-administration of XALKORI 250 mg orally twice daily for 28 days increased AUC0-INF of oral midazolam (CYP3A substrate) 3.7-fold compared to midazolam alone [see Effect of XALKORI on Other Drugs under Interactions].
In Vitro Studies: CYP Enzymes: Crizotinib inhibits CYP2B6 in vitro. Crizotinib does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP2D6. Crizotinib does not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or CYP3A.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT): Crizotinib does not inhibit UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9 or UGT2B7.
Transporters: Crizotinib inhibits P-gp, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1, and OCT2. Crizotinib does not inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) B1, OATP1B3, organic anion transporter (OAT) 1, OAT3, or bile salt export pump transporter (BSEP).
Non-Clinical Toxicology: Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Carcinogenicity studies with crizotinib have not been conducted.
Crizotinib was genotoxic in an in vitro micronucleus assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary cultures, in an in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration assay, and in in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assays. Crizotinib was not mutagenic in vitro in the bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay.
No specific studies with crizotinib have been conducted in animals to evaluate the effect on fertility; however, crizotinib is considered to have the potential to impair reproductive function and fertility in humans based on findings in repeat-dose toxicity studies in the rat. Findings observed in the male reproductive tract included testicular pachytene spermatocyte degeneration in rats given greater than or equal to 50 mg/kg/day for 28 days (greater than 1.7 times the recommended human dose based on AUC). Findings observed in the female reproductive tract included single-cell necrosis of ovarian follicles of a rat given 500 mg/kg/day (approximately 10 times the recommended human dose based on body surface area) for 3 days.
