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Cardiovascular Effects: Cardiovascular Thrombotic Events: Celecoxib may cause an increased risk of serious CV thrombotic events, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke, which can be fatal. All NSAIDs may have a similar risk. This risk may increase with dose and duration of use. The relative increase of this risk appears to be similar in those with or without known CV disease or CV risk factors. However, patients with CV disease or CV risk factors may be at greater risk in terms of absolute incidence, due to their increased rate at baseline. To minimize the potential risk for an adverse CV event in patients treated with celecoxib, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration possible. Physicians and patients should remain alert for the development of such events, even in the absence of previous CV symptoms. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of serious CV toxicity and the steps to take if they occur (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Two large, controlled, clinical trials of a different COX-2 selective NSAID for the treatment of pain in the first 10 to 14 days following CABG surgery found an increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (see Contraindications).
Celecoxib is not a substitute for acetylsalicylic acid for prophylaxis of CV thrombo-embolic diseases because of the lack of effect on platelet function. Because celecoxib does not inhibit platelet aggregation, anti-platelet therapies (e.g., acetylsalicylic acid) should not be discontinued.
Hypertension: As with all NSAIDs, celecoxib can lead to the onset of new hypertension or worsening of pre-existing hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of CV events. NSAIDs, including celecoxib, should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure should be monitored closely during the initiation of therapy with celecoxib and throughout the course of therapy. (See Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Clinical Studies: ABPM Substudy under Actions.)
Fluid Retention and Edema: As with other drugs known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, fluid retention and edema have been observed in some patients taking celecoxib. Therefore, patients with pre-existing congestive heart failure (CHF) or hypertension should be closely monitored. Celecoxib should be used with caution in patients with compromised cardiac function, pre-existing edema, or other conditions pre-disposing to, or worsened by, fluid retention including those taking diuretic treatment or otherwise at risk of hypovolemia.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Effects: Upper and lower GI [perforations, ulcers or bleeds (PUBS)], some of them resulting in fatal outcome, have occurred in patients treated with celecoxib. Patients most at risk of developing these types of GI complications with NSAIDs are the elderly, patients with CV disease, patients using concomitant glucocorticoids, antiplatelet drugs (such as aspirin) or other NSAIDs, patients using alcohol or patients with a prior history of, or active, GI disease, such as ulceration, GI bleeding or inflammatory conditions. Most spontaneous reports of fatal GI events have been in elderly or debilitated patients.
Use with Oral Anticoagulants: The concomitant use of NSAIDs with oral anticoagulants increases the risk of bleeding and should be given with caution. Oral anticoagulants include warfarin/coumarin-type and novel oral anticoagulants (e.g., apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban). In patients on concurrent therapy with warfarin or similar agents, serious bleeding events, some of them fatal have been reported. Because increases in prothrombin time (INR) have been reported, anticoagulation/INR should be monitored in patients taking a warfarin/coumarin-type anticoagulant after initiating treatment with celecoxib or changing the dose (see Interactions).
Renal Effects: NSAIDs including celecoxib may cause renal toxicity. Clinical trials with celecoxib have shown renal effects similar to those observed with comparator NSAIDs. Celecoxib is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment. Patients at greatest risk for renal toxicity are those with impaired renal function, heart failure, liver dysfunction, and the elderly. Such patients should be carefully monitored while receiving treatment with celecoxib.
Caution should be used when initiating treatment in patients with dehydration. It is advisable to rehydrate patients first and then start therapy with celecoxib.
Advanced Renal Disease: Renal function should be closely monitored in patients with advanced renal disease who are administered celecoxib (see Dosage & Administration).
Hepatic Effects: Patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) have not been studied. The use of celecoxib in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. Celecoxib should be used with caution when treating patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or serum albumin of 25-35 g/L), and initiated at half the recommended dose (see Dosage & Administration).
Rare cases of severe hepatic reactions, including fulminant hepatitis (some with fatal outcome), liver necrosis, and hepatic failure (some with fatal outcome or requiring liver transplant), have been reported with celecoxib.
A patient with symptoms and/or signs of liver dysfunction, or in whom an abnormal liver function test has occurred, should be monitored carefully for evidence of the development of a more severe hepatic reaction while on therapy with celecoxib.
Anaphylactoid Reactions: As with NSAIDs in general, anaphylactoid reactions have occurred in patients exposed to celecoxib (see Contraindications).
Serious Skin Reactions: Serious skin reactions, some of them fatal, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported very rarely in association with the use of celecoxib. Patients appear to be at highest risk for these events early in the course of therapy, the onset of the event occurring in the majority of cases within the first month of treatment. Patients with a history of sulphonamide allergy or any allergy may be at greater risk of serious skin reactions or hypersensitivity reactions. Celecoxib should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity.
Intolerance in Galactose: Celecoxib 200 mg capsules contain lactose (48.35 mg). Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp-lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
General: By reducing inflammation, celecoxib may diminish the utility of diagnostic signs, such as fever, in detecting infections.
The concomitant use of celecoxib and a non-aspirin NSAID should be avoided.
CYP2D6 inhibition: Celecoxib has shown to be a moderately potent CYP2D6 inhibitor. For drugs that are metabolized by CYP2D6, a dose reduction during initiation of celecoxib treatment or a dose increase upon termination of celecoxib treatment may be necessary (see Interactiond).
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: The effect of celecoxib on ability to drive or use machinery has not been studied, but based on its Pharmacodynamic properties and overall safety profile it is unlikely to have an effect.
