Hyperkalemia or predisposition to hyperkalemia including chronic renal failure, uncontrolled DM, acute dehydration, strenuous physical exercise, adrenal insufficiency, extensive tissue breakdown or K-sparing agent. Arrest or delayed GIT passage eg, delayed gastric emptying, esophageal compression, intestinal obstruction or stricture or concomitant anticholinergic therapy. PUD, active UTI, renal insufficiency (GFR <0.7 mL/kg/min).