Hyperkalemia or conditions predisposing to hyperkalemia. Chronic renal failure, uncontrolled DM, acute dehydration, strenuous physical exercise in unconditioned individuals, adrenal insufficiency, extensive tissue breakdown; PUD & renal insufficiency (GFR <0.7 mL/kg/min). Patients in whom there is cause for arrest or delay in tab passage through GI tract eg, those w/ delayed gastric emptying, esophageal compression, intestinal obstruction/stricture or use of anticholinergics. K-sparing agent (eg, triamterene, spironolactone or amiloride).