Hyperkalemia; chronic renal failure, uncontrolled DM, acute dehydration, strenuous physical exercise in unconditioned individuals, adrenal insufficiency, extensive tissue breakdown. K-sparing agent (eg, triamterene, spironolactone or amiloride). Patients suffering from delayed gastric emptying, esophageal compression, intestinal obstruction or stricture or those taking anticholinergics; PUD. Renal insufficiency (GFR <0.7 mL/kg/min).