Perindopril arginine, indapamide, amlodipine.
One film-coated tablet contains 3.395 mg perindopril equivalent to 5 mg perindopril arginine, 1.25 mg indapamide and 6.935 mg amlodipine besilate equivalent to 5 mg of amlodipine.
One film-coated tablet contains 3.395 mg perindopril equivalent to 5 mg perindopril arginine, 1.25 mg indapamide and 13.870 mg amlodipine besilate equivalent to 10mg of amlodipine.
One film-coated tablet contains 6.790 mg perindopril equivalent to 10 mg perindopril arginine, 2.5 mg indapamide and 6.935 mg amlodipine besilate equivalent to 5 mg of amlodipine.
One film-coated tablet contains 6.790 mg perindopril equivalent to 10 mg perindopril arginine, 2.5 mg indapamide and 13.870 mg amlodipine besilate equivalent to 10 mg of amlodipine.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Core: Calcium carbonate starch compound: Calcium carbonate 90%, Pregelatinised maize starch 10%; Cellulose microcrystalline (E460); Croscarmellose sodium (E468); Magnesium stearate (E572); Colloidal anhydrous silica; Pregelatinised starch.
Film-coating: Glycerol (E422), Hypromellose 6mPa.s (E464), Macrogol 6000, Magnesium stearate (E572), Titanium dioxide (E 171).
Pharmacotherapeutic group: ACE inhibitors, combinations. ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and diuretics. ATC code: C09BX01.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Triplixam is a combination of three antihypertensive components with complementary mechanisms to control blood pressure in patient with hypertension. Perindopril arginine salt is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, indapamide, a chlorosulphamoyl diuretic and amlodipine, a calcium ion flux inhibitor of the dihydropyridine group.
The pharmacological properties of Triplixam are derived from those of each of the components taken separately. In addition, the combination of perindopril/indapamide produces an additive synergy of the antihypertensive effects of the two components.
Mechanism of action: Perindopril: Perindopril is an inhibitor of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE inhibitor) which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstricting substance; in addition the enzyme stimulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and stimulates the degradation of bradykinin, a vasodilatory substance, into inactive heptapeptides.
This results in: a reduction in aldosterone secretion; an increase in plasma renin activity, since aldosterone no longer exercises negative feedback; a reduction in total peripheral resistance with a preferential action on the vascular bed in muscle and the kidney, with no accompanying salt and water retention or reflex tachycardia, with chronic treatment.
The antihypertensive action of perindopril also occurs in patients with low or normal renin concentrations.
Perindopril acts through its active metabolite, perindoprilat. The other metabolites are inactive.
Perindopril reduces the work of the heart: by a vasodilatory effect on veins, probably caused by changes in the metabolism of prostaglandins: reduction in pre-load; by reduction of the total peripheral resistance: reduction in afterload.
Studies carried out on patients with cardiac insufficiency have shown: a reduction in left and right ventricular filling pressures; a reduction in total peripheral vascular resistance; an increase in cardiac output and an improvement in the cardiac index; an increase in regional blood flow in muscle.
Exercise test results also showed improvement.
Indapamide: Indapamide is a sulfonamide derivative with an indole ring, pharmacologically related to the thiazide group of diuretics. Indapamide inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in the cortical dilution segment. It increases the urinary excretion of sodium and chlorides and, to a lesser extent, the excretion of potassium and magnesium, thereby increasing urine output and having an antihypertensive action.
Amlodipine: Amlodipine is a calcium ion influx inhibitor of the dihydropyridine group (slow channel blocker or calcium ion antagonist) and inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle.
Pharmacodynamic effects: Perindopril/indapamide: In hypertensive patients regardless of age, the perindopril/indapamide combination exerts a dose-dependent antihypertensive effect on diastolic and systolic arterial pressure whilst supine or standing. During clinical trials, the concomitant administration of perindopril and indapamide produced antihypertensive effects of a synergic nature in relation to each of the products administered alone.
Perindopril: Perindopril is active in all grades of hypertension: mild to moderate or severe. A reduction in systolic and diastolic arterial pressure is observed in the lying and standing position.
The antihypertensive activity after a single dose is maximal at between 4 and 6 hours and is maintained over 24 hours.
There is a high degree of residual blocking of angiotensin converting enzyme at 24 hours, approximately 80%.
In patients who respond, normalised blood pressure is reached after one month and is maintained without tachyphylaxis.
Withdrawal of treatment has no rebound effect on hypertension.
Perindopril has vasodilatory properties and restores elasticity of the main arterial trunks, corrects histomorphometric changes in resistance arteries and produces a reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy.
If necessary, the addition of a thiazide diuretic leads to an additive synergy.
The combination of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor with a thiazide diuretic decreases the hypokalaemia risk associated with the diuretic alone.
Indapamide: Indapamide, as monotherapy, has an antihypertensive effect which lasts for 24 hours. This effect occurs at doses at which the diuretic properties are minimal.
Its antihypertensive action is proportional to an improvement in arterial compliance and a reduction in total and arteriolar peripheral vascular resistance.
Indapamide reduces left ventricular hypertrophy.
When a dose of thiazide diuretic and thiazide-related diuretics is exceeded, the antihypertensive effect reaches a plateau, whereas the adverse effects continue to increase. If the treatment is ineffective, the dose should not be increased.
Furthermore, it has been shown that in the short-term, mid-term and long-term in hypertensive patients, indapamide: has no effect on lipid metabolism: triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol; has no effect on carbohydrate metabolism, even in diabetic hypertensive patients.
Amlodipine: The mechanism of the antihypertensive action of amlodipine is due to a direct relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle. The precise mechanism by which amlodipine relieves angina has not been fully determined but amlodipine reduces total ischaemic burden by the following two actions: Amlodipine dilates peripheral arterioles and thus, reduces the total peripheral resistance (afterload) against which the heart works. Since the heart rate remains stable, this unloading of the heart reduces myocardial energy consumption and oxygen requirements.
The mechanism of action of amlodipine also probably involves dilatation of the main coronary arteries and coronary arterioles, both in normal and ischaemic regions. This dilatation increases myocardial oxygen delivery in patients with coronary artery spasm (Prinzmetal's or variant angina).
In patients with hypertension, once daily dosing provides clinically significant reductions of blood pressure in both the supine and standing positions throughout the 24 hour interval. Due to the slow onset of action, acute hypotension is not a feature of amlodipine administration.
Amlodipine has not been associated with any adverse metabolic effects or changes in plasma lipids and is suitable for use in patients with asthma, diabetes, and gout.
Clinical efficacy and safety: Triplixam has not been studied on morbidity and mortality.
Perindopril/indapamide: PICXEL, a multicenter, randomised, double blind active controlled study has assessed on echocardiography the effect of perindopril/indapamide combination on LVH versus enalapril monotherapy.
In PICXEL, hypertensive patients with LVH (defined as left ventricular mass index (LVMI) > 120 g/m2 in male and > 100 g/m2 in female) were randomised either to perindopril tert-butylamine 2 mg (equivalent to 2.5 mg perindopril arginine)/indapamide 0.625 mg or to enalapril 10 mg once a day for a one-year treatment. The dose was adapted according to blood pressure control, up to perindopril tert-butylamine 8 mg (equivalent to 10 mg perindopril arginine) and indapamide 2.5 mg or enalapril 40 mg once a day. Only 34% of the subjects remained treated with perindopril tert-butylamine 2 mg (equivalent to 2.5 mg perindopril arginine)/indapamide 0.625mg (versus 20% with enalapril 10mg).
At the end of treatment, LVMI had decreased significantly more in the perindopril/indapamide group (-10.1 g/m2) than in the enalapril group (-1.1 g/m2) in the all randomised patients population. The between group difference in LVMI change was -8.3 (95% CI (-11.5,-5.0), p < 0.0001).
A better effect on LVMI was reached with higher perindopril/indapamide doses than those licensed for perindopril/indapamide 2.5mg/0.625mg and perindopril/indapamide 5mg/1.25mg.
Regarding blood pressure, the estimated mean between-group differences in the randomised population were -5.8 mmHg (95% CI (-7.9, -3.7), p < 0.0001) for systolic blood pressure and -2.3 mmHg (95% CI (-3.6,-0.9), p = 0.0004) for diastolic blood pressure respectively, in favour of the perindopril/indapamide group.
The ADVANCE study was a multicentre, international, randomised, 2x2 factorial designed trial aimed at determining the benefits of Blood Pressure lowering with the fixed combination perindopril/indapamide vs placebo on top of current standard therapy (double blind comparison) and of gliclazide MR based intensive glucose control strategy (HbA1c target of 6.5% or lower) vs standard glucose control (PROBE [Prospective Randomised Open study with Blinded Evaluation] design) on major macrovascular and microvascular events in type 2 diabetic patients.
The primary end-point was a composite of major macrovascular (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke) and microvascular (new or worsening nephropathy and eye disease) events.
Overall, 11 140 type 2 diabetic patients (mean values: age 66 years, BMI 28 kg/m2, duration of diabetes 8 years, HbA1c 7.5% and SBP/DBP 145/81 mmHg) were involved in the trial. Among them, 83% were hypertensive, 32% and 10% presented a history of macro- or micro-vascular disease respectively and 27% had microalbuminuria. Concomitant therapies included BP lowering agents (75%), lipid lowering agents (35% mainly statins 28%), aspirin or other antiplatelets (47%).
Following a 6-week run-in period on open perindopril/indapamide combination and usual glucose lowering treatment, patients were randomly assigned to placebo (n=5571) or perindopril/indapamide combination (n=5569).
After a mean duration of follow-up of 4.3 years, the treatment with perindopril/indapamide resulted in a significant relative risk reduction of 9 % in the primary endpoint (95%CI [0.828;0.996], p=0.041).
This benefit was driven by a significant relative risk reduction of 14 % in total mortality (95%CI [0.75;0.98], p=0.025), of 18% in cardiovascular deaths (95%CI [0.68;0.98], p=0.027) and of 21% in total renal events (95%CI [0.74;0.86], p<0.001) in the perindopril/indapamide group compared to the placebo group.
In the sub-group of interest of hypertensive patients, there was a relative risk reduction of 9 % in the combined major macrovascular and microvascular events in the perindopril/indapamide group compared to the placebo group (95%CI [0.82;1.00], p=0.052).
There were also a significant relative risk reduction of 16 % in total mortality (95%CI [0.73;0.97], p=0.019), of 20 % in cardiovascular deaths (95%CI [0.66;0.97], p=0.023) and of 20 % in total renal events (95%CI [0.73;0.87], p<0.001) in the perindopril/indapamide group compared to the placebo group.
The benefits of the BP lowering intervention were independent of those observed with the intensive glucose control strategy.
Amlodipine: A randomized double-blind morbidity-mortality study called the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) was performed to compare newer drug therapies: amlodipine 2.5-10 mg/d (calcium channel blocker) or lisinopril 10-40 mg/d (ACE-inhibitor) as first-line therapies to that of the thiazide-diuretic, chlorthalidone 12.5-25 mg/d in mild to moderate hypertension.
A total of 33,357 hypertensive patients aged 55 or older were randomized and followed for a mean of 4.9 years. The patients had at least one additional CHD risk factor, including: previous myocardial infarction or stroke (> 6 months prior to enrollment) or documentation of other atherosclerotic CVD (overall 51.5%), type 2 diabetes (36.1%), HDL-C < 35 mg/dL (11.6%), left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosed by electrocardiogram or echocardiography (20.9%), current cigarette smoking (21.9%).
The primary endpoint was a composite of fatal CHD or non-fatal myocardial infarction. There was no significant difference in the primary endpoint between amlodipine-based therapy and chlorthalidone-based therapy: RR 0.98 (95% CI (0.90-1.07) p=0.65. Among secondary endpoints, the incidence of heart failure (component of a composite combined cardiovascular endpoint) was significantly higher in the amlodipine group as compared to the chlorthalidone group (10.2% vs. 7.7%, RR 1.38, (95% CI [1.25-1.52] p<0.001)). However, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between amlodipine-based therapy and chlorthalidone-based therapy. RR 0.96 (95% CI [0.89-1.02] p=0.20).
Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) clinical trial data: Two large randomised, controlled trials (ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and VA NEPHRON-D (The Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes)) have examined the use of combination of an ACE-inhibitor with an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
ONTARGET was a study conducted in patients with a history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, or type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by evidence of end-organ damage. VA NEPHRON-D was a study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.
These studies have shown no significant beneficial effect on renal and/or cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, while an increased risk of hyperkalaemia, acute kidney injury and/or hypotension as compared to monotherapy was observed.
Given their similar pharmacodynamic properties, these results are also relevant for other ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should therefore not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
ALTITUDE (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Endpoints) was a study designed to test the benefit of adding aliskiren to a standard therapy of an ACE-inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, or both. The study was terminated early because of an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Cardiovascular death and stroke were both numerically more frequent in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group and adverse events and serious adverse events of interest (hyperkalaemia, hypotension and renal dysfunction) were more frequently reported in the aliskiren group than in the placebo group.
Paediatric population: No data are available with Triplixam in children.
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Triplixam in all subsets of the paediatric population in hypertension (see Dosage & Administration for information on paediatric use).
Pharmacokinetics: Triplixam: The co-administration of perindopril/indapamide and amlodipine does not change their pharmacokinetic properties by comparison to separate administration.
Perindopril: Absorption and bioavailability: After oral administration, the absorption of perindopril is rapid and the peak concentration is achieved within 1 hour (perindopril is a prodrug and perindoprilat the active metabolite). The plasma half-life of perindopril is equal to 1 hour. As ingestion of food decreases conversion to perindoprilat, hence bioavailability, perindopril arginine should be administered orally in a single daily dose in the morning before a meal.
Distribution: The volume of distribution is approximately 0.2 L/kg for unbound perindoprilat. Protein binding of perindoprilat to plasma proteins is 20%, principally to angiotensin converting enzyme, but is concentration-dependent.
Biotransformation: Perindopril is a prodrug. Twenty seven percent of the administered perindopril dose reaches the bloodstream as the active metabolite perindoprilat. In addition to active perindoprilat, perindopril yields five metabolites, all inactive. The peak plasma concentration of perindoprilat is achieved within 3 to 4 hours.
Elimination: Perindoprilat is eliminated in the urine and the terminal half-life of the unbound fraction is approximately 17 hours, resulting in steady-state within 4 days.
Linearity/non-linearity: It has been demonstrated a linear relationship between the dose of perindopril and its plasma exposure.
Special Populations: Elderly: Elimination of perindoprilat is decreased in the elderly, and also in patients with heart or renal failure.
Renal impairment: Dosage adjustment in renal insufficiency is desirable depending on the degree of impairment (creatinine clearance).
In case of dialysis: clearance of perindoprilat is equal to 70 mL/min.
In patients with cirrhosis: Perindopril pharmacokinetics is modified, hepatic clearance of the parent molecule is reduced by half. However, the quantity of perindoprilat formed is not reduced and therefore no dosage adjustment is required (see Dosage & Administration and Precautions).
Indapamide: Absorption: Indapamide is rapidly and completely absorbed from the digestive tract.
The peak plasma level is reached in humans approximately one hour after oral administration of the product.
Distribution: Plasma protein binding is 79 %.
Metabolism and Elimination: The elimination half-life is between 14 and 24 hours (average 18 hours). Repeated administration does not produce accumulation.
Elimination is mainly in the urine (70 % of the dose) and faeces (22 %) in the form of inactive metabolites.
Special populations: The pharmacokinetics is unchanged in patients with renal insufficiency.
Amlodipine: Absorption and Bioavailability: After oral administration of therapeutic doses, amlodipine is well absorbed with peak blood levels between 6-12 hours post dose. Absolute bioavailability has been estimated to be between 64 and 80%. The bioavailability of amlodipine is not affected by food intake.
Distribution: The volume of distribution is approximately 21 L/kg. In vitro studies have shown that approximately 97.5% of circulating amlodipine is bound to plasma proteins.
Metabolism: Amlodipine is extensively metabolised by the liver to inactive metabolites with 10% of the parent compound and 60% of metabolites excreted in the urine.
Elimination: The terminal plasma elimination half-life is about 35-50 hours and is consistent with once daily dosing.
Special populations: Use in the elderly: the time to reach peak plasma concentrations of amlodipine is similar in elderly and younger subjects. Amlodipine clearance tends to be decreased with resulting increases in AUC and elimination half-life in elderly patients. Increases in AUC and elimination half-life in patients with congestive heart failure were as expected for the patient age group studied.
Use in patients with impaired hepatic function: Very limited clinical data are available regarding amlodipine administration in patients with hepatic impairment. Patients with hepatic insufficiency have decreased clearance of amlodipine resulting in a longer half-life and an increase in AUC of approximately 40-60%.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Perindopril: In the chronic oral toxicity studies (rats and monkeys), the target organ is the kidney, with reversible damage.
No mutagenicity has been observed in in vitro or in vivo studies.
Reproduction toxicology studies (rats, mice, rabbits and monkeys) showed no sign of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity. However, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, as a class, have been shown to induce adverse effects on late fetal development, resulting in fetal death and congenital effects in rodents and rabbits: renal lesions and an increase in peri- and postnatal mortality have been observed. Fertility was not impaired either in male or in female rats.
No carcinogenicity has been observed in long term studies in rats and mice.
Indapamide: The highest doses administered orally to different animal species (40 to 8000 times the therapeutic dose) have shown an exacerbation of the diuretic properties of indapamide. The major symptoms of poisoning during acute toxicity studies with indapamide administered intravenously or intraperitoneally were related to the pharmacological action of indapamide, i.e. bradypnoea and peripheral vasodilation.
Indapamide has been tested negative concerning mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.
Reproductive toxicity studies have not shown any embryotoxic or teratogenic effect in rat, mice and rabbit.
Fertility was not impaired either in male or female rats.
Perindopril/indapamide: The perindopril/indapamide combination has slightly increased toxicity than that of its components. Renal manifestations do not seem to be potentiated in the rat. However, the combination produces gastro-intestinal toxicity in the dog and the toxic effects on the mother seem to be increased in the rat (compared to perindopril).
Nonetheless, these adverse effects appear at dose levels corresponding to a very marked safety margin by comparison to the therapeutic doses used.
Preclinical studies performed separately with perindopril and indapamide did not show genotoxic, carcinogenic or teratogenic potential.
Amlodipine: Reproductive studies in rats and mice have shown delayed date of delivery, prolonged duration of labour and decreased pup survival at dosages approximately 50 times greater than the maximum recommended dosage for humans based on mg/kg.
There was no effect on the fertility of rats treated with amlodipine (males for 64 days and females 14 days prior to mating) at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day (8 times* the maximum recommended human dose of 10 mg on a mg/m2 basis). In another rat study in which male rats were treated with amlodipine besilate for 30 days at a dose comparable with the human dose based on mg/kg, decreased plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone were found as well as decreases in sperm density and in the number of mature spermatids and Sertoli cells.
Rats and mice treated with amlodipine in the diet for two years, at concentrations calculated to provide daily dosage levels of 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/kg/day showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. The highest dose (for mice, similar to, and for rats twice* the maximum recommended clinical dose of 10 mg on a mg/m2 basis) was close to the maximum tolerated dose for mice but not for rats.
Mutagenicity studies revealed no drug related effects at either the gene or chromosome levels.
*Based on patient weight of 50 kg.
Triplixam is indicated as substitution therapy for treatment of essential hypertension, in patients already controlled with perindopril/indapamide fixed dose combination and amlodipine, taken at the same dose level.
Posology: One Triplixam film-coated tablet per day as a single dose, preferably to be taken in the morning and before a meal.
The fixed dose combination is not suitable for initial therapy.
If a change of the posology is required, titration should be done with the individual components.
Special population: Renal impairment (see Contraindications and Precautions): In severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance below 30 mL/min), treatment is contraindicated.
In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30-60 mL/min), Triplixam at the doses 10mg/2.5mg /5mg and 10mg/2.5mg/10mg is contraindicated. It is recommended to start treatment with the adequate dosage of the free combination.
Usual medical follow-up will include frequent monitoring of creatinine and potassium.
Concomitant use of perindopril with aliskiren is contraindicated in patients with renal impairment (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) (see Contraindications).
Hepatic impairment (see Contraindications, Precautions and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions): In severe hepatic impairment, Triplixam is contraindicated.
In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, Triplixam should be administrated with caution, as dosage recommendations for amlodipine in these patients have not been established.
Elderly (see Precautions): Elimination of perindoprilat is decreased in the elderly (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Elderly can be treated with Triplixam according to renal function (see Contraindications).
Paediatric population: The safety and efficacy of Triplixam in children and adolescents have not been established. No data are available.
Method of administration: Oral use.
There is no information on overdosage with Triplixam in humans.
For perindopril/indapamide combination: Symptoms: The most likely adverse reaction in cases of overdose is hypotension, sometimes associated with nausea, vomiting, cramps, dizziness, sleepiness, mental confusion, oliguria which may progress to anuria (due to hypovolaemia). Salt and water disturbances (low sodium levels, low potassium levels) may occur.
Management: The first measures to be taken consist of rapidly eliminating the product(s) ingested by gastric lavage and/or administration of activated charcoal, then restoring fluid and electrolyte balance in a specialised centre until they return to normal.
If marked hypotension occurs, this can be treated by placing the patient in a supine position with the head lowered. If necessary an intravenous infusion of isotonic saline may be given, or any other method of volaemic expansion may be used.
Perindoprilat, the active form of perindopril, can be dialysed (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
For amlodipine: Experience with intentional overdose in humans is limited.
Symptoms: Available data suggest that gross overdosage could result in excessive peripheral vasodilatation and possibly reflex tachycardia. Marked and probably prolonged systemic hypotension up to and including shock with fatal outcome have been reported.
Management: Clinically significant hypotension due to amlodipine overdosage calls for active cardiovascular support including frequent monitoring of cardiac and respiratory function, elevation of extremities and attention to circulating fluid volume and urine output.
A vasoconstrictor may be helpful in restoring vascular tone and blood pressure, provided that there is no contraindication to its use. Intravenous calcium gluconate may be beneficial in reversing the effects of calcium channel blockade.
Gastric lavage may be worthwhile in some cases. In healthy volunteers the use of charcoal up to 2 hours after administration of amlodipine 10 mg has been shown to reduce the absorption rate of amlodipine. Since amlodipine is highly protein-bound, dialysis is not likely to be of benefit.
Dialysis patients; Patients with untreated decompensated heart failure; Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance below 30 mL/min); Moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance below 60 mL/min) for Triplixam doses containing 10mg/2.5mg of perindopril/indapamide combination (i.e., Triplixam 10mg/2.5mg/5mg and 10mg/2.5mg/10mg); Hypersensitivity to the active substances, to other sulfonamides, to dihydropyridine derivatives, any other ACE-inhibitor or to any of the excipients listed in Description; History of angioedema (Quincke's oedema) associated with previous ACE inhibitor therapy (see Warnings); Hereditary/idiopathic angioedema; Second and third trimesters of pregnancy (see Warnings and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation); Lactation (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation); Hepatic encephalopathy; Severe hepatic impairment; Hypokalaemia; Severe hypotension; Shock, including cardiogenic shock; Obstruction of the outflow-tract of the left ventricle (e.g. high grade aortic stenosis); Haemodynamically unstable heart failure after acute myocardial infarction; Concomitant use of Triplixam with aliskiren-containing products in patients with diabetes mellitus or renal impairment (GFR < 60mL/min/1.73m2) (See Interactions and Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions); Concomitant use with sacubitril/valsartan (see Warnings and Interactions); Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces (see Interactions); Significant bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney (see Warnings and Precautions).
All warnings related to each component, as listed as follows, should apply also to the fixed combination of Triplixam.
Lithium: The combination of lithium and the combination of perindopril/indapamide is usually not recommended (see Interactions).
Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): There is evidence that the concomitant use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren increases the risk of hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure). Dual blockade of RAAS through the combined use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is therefore not recommended (see Interactions and Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
If dual blockade therapy is considered absolutely necessary, this should only occur under specialist supervision and subject to frequent close monitoring of renal function, electrolytes and blood pressure.
ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should not be used concomitantly in patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Potassium-sparing drugs, potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes: The combination of perindopril and potassium-sparing drugs, potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes is usually not recommended (see Interactions).
Neutropenia/agranulocytosis/thrombocytopenia/anaemia: Neutropenia/agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anaemia have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors. In patients with normal renal function and no other complicating factors, neutropenia occurs rarely. Perindopril should be used with extreme caution in patients with collagen vascular disease, immunosuppressant therapy, treatment with allopurinol or procainamide, or a combination of these complicating factors, especially if there is pre-existing impaired renal function. Some of these patients developed serious infections which in a few instances did not respond to intensive antibiotic therapy. If perindopril is used in such patients, periodical monitoring of white blood cell counts is advised and patients should be instructed to report any sign of infection (e.g. sore throat, fever) (see Adverse Reactions).
Renovascular hypertension: There is an increased risk of hypotension and renal insufficiency when patient with bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney are treated with ACE inhibitors (see Contraindications). Treatment with diuretics may be a contributory factor. Loss of renal function may occur with only minor changes in serum creatinine even in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis.
Hypersensitivity/angioedema: Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported rarely in patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, including perindopril. This may occur at any time during treatment. In such cases perindopril should be discontinued promptly and appropriate monitoring should be instituted to ensure complete resolution of symptoms prior to dismissing the patient. In those instances where swelling has been confined to the face and lips the condition generally resolved without treatment, although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms.
Angioedema associated with laryngeal oedema may be fatal. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, which may include subcutaneous epinephrine solution 1:1000 (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) and/or measures to ensure a patent airway, should be administered promptly.
Black patients receiving ACE inhibitors have been reported to have a higher incidence of angioedema compared to non-blacks.
Patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy may be at increased risk of angioedema while receiving an ACE inhibitor (see Contraindications).
Intestinal angioedema has been reported rarely in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior facial angioedema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan, or ultrasound or at surgery and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain.
The combination of perindopril with sacubitril/valsartan is contraindicated due to the increased risk of angioedema (see Contraindications). Sacubitril/valsartan must not be initiated until 36 hours after taking the last dose of perindopril therapy. If treatment with sacubitril/valsartan is stopped, perindopril therapy must not be initiated until 36 hours after the last dose of sacubitril/valsartan (see Contraindications and Interactions). Concomitant use of other NEP inhibitors (e.g. racecadotril) and ACE inhibitors may also increase the risk of angioedema (see Interactions). Hence, a careful benefit-risk assessment is needed before initiating treatment with NEP inhibitors (e.g. racecadotril) in patients on perindopril.
Concomitant use of mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus): Patients taking concomitant mTOR inhibitors (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus) therapy may be at increased risk for angioedema (e.g. swelling of the airways or tongue, with or without respiratory impairment) (see Interactions).
Anaphylactoid reactions during desensitization: There have been isolated reports of patients experiencing sustained, life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions while receiving ACE inhibitors during desensitisation treatment with hymenoptera (bees, wasps) venom. ACE inhibitors should be used with caution in allergic patients treated with desensitisation, and avoided in those undergoing venom immunotherapy. However these reactions could be prevented by temporary withdrawal of ACE inhibitor for at least 24 hours before treatment in patients who require both ACE inhibitors and desensitisation.
Anaphylactoid reactions during LDL apheresis: Rarely, patients receiving ACE inhibitors during low density lipoprotein (LDL)-apheresis with dextran sulphate have experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. These reactions were avoided by temporarily withholding ACE-inhibitor therapy prior to each apheresis.
Haemodialysis patients: Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialysed with high-flux membranes (e.g., AN 69) and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. In these patients consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of antihypertensive agent.
Primary aldosteronism: Patients with primary hyperaldosteronism generally will not respond to anti-hypertensive drugs acting through inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Therefore, the use of this product is not recommended.
Use in Pregnancy: ACE inhibitors should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see Contraindications and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
Hepatic encephalopathy: When liver function is impaired, thiazide diuretics and thiazide-related diuretics may cause hepatic encephalopathy. Administration of the diuretic should be stopped immediately if this occurs.
Photosensitivity: Cases of photosensitivity reactions have been reported with thiazides and related thiazides diuretics (see Adverse Reactions). If photosensitivity reaction occurs during treatment, it is recommended to stop the treatment. If a re-administration of the diuretic is deemed necessary, it is recommended to protect exposed areas to the sun or to artificial UVA.
Renal function: In cases of severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min), treatment is contraindicated.
For patients with a moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min), treatment is contraindicated with Triplixam doses containing 10mg/2.5mg of perindopril /indapamide combination (i.e., Triplixam 10mg/2.5mg /5mg and 10mg/2.5mg/10mg).
In certain hypertensive patients without pre-existing apparent renal lesions and for whom renal blood tests show functional renal insufficiency, treatment should be stopped and possibly restarted either at a low dose or with one constituent only.
In these patients usual medical follow-up will include frequent monitoring of potassium and creatinine, after two weeks of treatment and then every two months during therapeutic stability period. Renal failure has been reported mainly in patients with severe heart failure or underlying renal failure including renal artery stenosis.
The drug is usually not recommended in case of bilateral renal artery stenosis or a single functioning kidney.
Risk of arterial hypotension and/or renal insufficiency (in cases of cardiac insufficiency, water and electrolyte depletion, etc.): Marked stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has been observed with perindopril particularly during marked water and electrolyte depletions (strict sodium restricted diet or prolonged diuretic treatment), in patients whose blood pressure was initially low, in cases of renal artery stenosis, congestive heart failure or cirrhosis with oedema and ascites.
The blocking of this system with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor may therefore cause, particularly at the time of the first administration and during the first two weeks of treatment, a sudden drop in blood pressure and/or an increase in plasma levels of creatinine, showing a functional renal insufficiency. Occasionally this can be acute in onset, although rare, and with a variable time to onset.
In such cases, the treatment should then be initiated at a lower dose and increased progressively. In patients with ischaemic heart or cerebrovascular disease an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
Thiazide diuretics and thiazide-related diuretics are only fully effective when renal function is normal or only slightly impaired (creatinine levels lower than approximately 25 mg/l, i.e. 220 μmol/l for an adult).
In the elderly the value of plasma creatinine levels should be adjusted in relation to age, weight and gender.
Hypovolaemia, secondary to the loss of water and sodium caused by the diuretic at the start of treatment, causes a reduction in glomerular filtration. It may result in an increase in blood urea and creatinine levels. This transitory functional renal insufficiency is of no adverse consequence in patients with normal renal function but may however worsen a pre-existing renal impairment.
Amlodipine may be used at normal doses in patients with renal failure. Changes in amlodipine plasma concentrations are not correlated with degree of renal impairment.
The effect of the combination Triplixam has not been tested in renal dysfunction. In renal impairment, Triplixam doses should respect those of the individual components taken separately.
Hypotension and water and sodium depletion: There is a risk of sudden hypotension in the presence of pre-existing sodium depletion (in particular in individuals with renal artery stenosis). Therefore systematic testing should be carried out for clinical signs of water and electrolyte depletion, which may occur with an intercurrent episode of diarrhoea or vomiting. Regular monitoring of plasma electrolytes should be carried out in such patients.
Marked hypotension may require the implementation of an intravenous infusion of isotonic saline.
Transient hypotension is not a contraindication to continuation of treatment. After re-establishment of a satisfactory blood volume and blood pressure, treatment can be started again either at a reduced dose or with only one of the constituents.
Reduction in sodium levels can be initially asymptomatic and regular testing is therefore essential. Testing should be more frequent in elderly and cirrhotic patients (see Adverse Reactions and Overdosage).
Any diuretic treatment may cause hyponatraemia, sometimes with very serious consequences.
Hyponatraemia with hypovolaemia may be responsible of dehydration and orthostatic hypotension. Concomitant loss of chloride ions may lead to secondary compensatory metabolic alkalosis: the incidence and degree of this effect are slight.
Potassium levels: The combination of indapamide with perindopril and amlodipine does not prevent the onset of hypokalaemia particularly in diabetic patients or in patients with renal failure. As with any antihypertensive agent in combination with a diuretic, regular monitoring of plasma potassium levels should be carried out.
Elevations in serum potassium have been observed in some patients treated with ACE inhibitors, including perindopril. Risk factors for the development of hyperkalemia include those with renal insufficiency, worsening of renal function, age (> 70 years), diabetes mellitus, intercurrent events, in particular dehydration, acute cardiac decompensation, metabolic acidosis and concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene, or amiloride), potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes; or those patients taking other drugs associated with increases in serum potassium (e.g. heparin, co-trimoxazole also known as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole). The use of potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics, or potassium-containing salt substitutes particularly in patients with impaired renal function may lead to a significant increase in serum potassium. Hyperkalemia can cause serious, sometimes fatal arrhythmias. If concomitant use of the previously-mentioned agents is deemed appropriate, they should be used with caution and with frequent monitoring of serum potassium (see Interactions).
Potassium depletion with hypokalaemia is a major risk with thiazide diuretics and thiazide-related diuretics. The risk of onset of lowered potassium levels (< 3.4 mmol/l) should be prevented in some high risk populations such as elderly and/or malnourished subjects, whether or not they are taking multiple medications, cirrhotic patients with oedema and ascites, coronary patients and patients with heart failure.
In such cases hypokalaemia increases the cardiac toxicity of cardiac glycosides and the risk of rhythm disorders.
Subjects presenting with a long QT interval are also at risk, whether the origin is congenital or iatrogenic. Hypokalaemia, as with bradycardia, acts as a factor which favours the onset of severe rhythm disorders, in particular torsades de pointes, which may be fatal.
In all cases more frequent testing of potassium levels is necessary. The first measurement of plasma potassium levels should be carried out during the first week following the start of treatment. If low potassium levels are detected, correction is required.
Calcium levels: Thiazide diuretics and thiazide-related diuretics may reduce urinary excretion of calcium and cause a mild and transient increase in plasma calcium levels. Markedly raised levels of calcium may be related to undiagnosed hyperparathyroidism. In such cases the treatment should be stopped before investigating the parathyroid function (see Adverse Reactions).
Renovascular hypertension: The treatment for renovascular hypertension is revascularisation. Nonetheless, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can be beneficial in patients presenting with renovascular hypertension who are awaiting corrective surgery or when such a surgery is not possible.
If Triplixam is prescribed to patients with known or suspected renal artery stenosis, treatment should be started in a hospital setting at a low dose and renal function and potassium levels should be monitored, since some patients have developed a functional renal insufficiency which was reversed when treatment was stopped.
Cough: A dry cough has been reported with the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. It is characterised by its persistence and by its disappearance when treatment is withdrawn. An iatrogenic aetiology should be considered in the event of this symptom. If the prescription of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor is still preferred, continuation of treatment may be considered.
Atherosclerosis: The risk of hypotension exists in all patients but particular care should be taken in patients with ischaemic heart disease or cerebral circulatory insufficiency, with treatment being started at a low dose.
Hypertensive crisis: The safety and efficacy of amlodipine in hypertensive crisis has not been established.
Cardiac failure/severe cardiac insufficiency: Patients with heart failure should be treated with caution.
In a long-term, placebo controlled study in patients with severe heart failure (NYHA class III and IV) the reported incidence of pulmonary oedema was higher in the amlodipine treated group than in the placebo group. Calcium channel blockers, including amlodipine, should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure, as they may increase the risk of future cardiovascular events and mortality.
In patients with severe cardiac insufficiency (grade IV) treatment should be started under medical supervision with a reduced initial dose. Treatment with beta-blockers in hypertensive patients with coronary insufficiency should not be stopped: the ACE inhibitor should be added to the beta-blocker.
Aortic or mitral valve stenosis/hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: ACE inhibitors should be used with caution in patient with an obstruction in the outflow tract of the left ventricle.
Diabetic patients: In patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (spontaneous tendency to increased levels of potassium), treatment should be started under medical supervision with a reduced initial dose.
The glycaemia levels should be closely monitored in diabetic patients previously treated with oral antidiabetic drugs or insulin, namely during the first month of treatment with an ACE inhibitor.
Monitoring of blood glucose is important in diabetic patients, particularly when potassium levels are low.
Ethnic differences: As with other angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, perindopril is apparently less effective in lowering blood pressure in black people than in non-blacks, possibly because of a higher prevalence of low-renin states in the black hypertensive population.
Surgery/anaesthesia: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can cause hypotension in cases of anaesthesia, especially when the anaesthetic administered is an agent with hypotensive potential.
It is therefore recommended that treatment with long-acting angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as perindopril should be discontinued where possible one day before surgery.
Hepatic impairment: Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up (see Adverse Reactions).
The half-life of amlodipine is prolonged and AUC values are higher in patients with impaired liver function; dosage recommendations have not been established. Amlodipine should therefore be initiated at the lower end of the dosing range and caution should be used, both on initial treatment and when increasing the dose. Slow dose titration and careful monitoring may be required in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
The effect of the combination Triplixam has not been tested in hepatic dysfunction. Taking into account the effect of each individual component of this combination, Triplixam is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment, and caution should be exercised in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment.
Uric acid: Tendency to gout attacks may be increased in hyperuricaemic patients.
Excipients: Level of sodium: Triplixam contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, i.e. essentially 'sodium-free'.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: No studies on the effects of Triplixam on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. Perindopril and indapamide have no influence on the ability to drive and use machines but individual reactions related to low blood pressure may occur in some patients.
Amlodipine can have minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. If patients suffer from dizziness, headache, fatigue, weariness or nausea, the ability to react may be impaired.
As a result the ability to drive or operate machinery may be impaired. Caution is recommended especially at the start of treatment.
Use in the Elderly: Renal function and potassium levels should be tested before the start of treatment. The initial dose is subsequently adjusted according to blood pressure response, especially in cases of water and electrolyte depletion, in order to avoid sudden onset of hypotension.
In the elderly increase of the dosage of amlodipine should take place with care (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Given the effects of the individual components in this combination product on pregnancy and lactation, Triplixam is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy. Triplixam is contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Triplixam is contraindicated during lactation. A decision should therefore be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue Triplixam taking account the importance of this therapy for the mother.
Pregnancy: Perindopril: The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy (see Warnings). The use of ACE inhibitors is contra-indicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (see Contraindications and Warnings).
Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
Exposure to ACE inhibitor therapy during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human foetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia) (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Should exposure to ACE inhibitors have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended.
Infants whose mothers have taken ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension (see Contraindications and Warnings).
Indapamide: There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of indapamide in pregnant women. Prolonged exposure to thiazide during the third trimester of pregnancy can reduce maternal plasma volume as well as uteroplacental blood flow, which may cause a feto-placental ischemia and growth retardation. Moreover, rare cases of hypoglycemia and thrombocytopenia in neonates have been reported following exposure near term.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Amlodipine: The safety of amlodipine in human pregnancy has not been established.
In animal studies, reproductive toxicity was observed at high doses (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Breastfeeding: Triplixam is contraindicated during lactation.
Perindopril: Because no information is available regarding the use of perindopril during breastfeeding, perindopril is not recommended and alternative treatments with better established safety profiles during breast-feeding are preferable, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant.
Indapamide: There is insufficient information on the excretion of indapamide/metabolites in human milk. Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived medicines and hypokalaemia might occur. A risk to newborns/infants cannot be excluded.
Indapamide is closely related to thiazide diuretics which have been associated, during breast-feeding, with a decrease or even suppression of milk lactation.
Amlodipine: Amlodipine is excreted in human milk. The proportion of the maternal dose received by the infant has been estimated with an interquartile range of 3 - 7%, with a maximum of 15%. The effect of amlodipine on infants is unknown.
Fertility: Common to perindopril and indapamide: Reproductive toxicity studies showed no effect on fertility in female and male rats (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions). No effects on human fertility are anticipated.
Amlodipine: Reversible biochemical changes in the head of spermatozoa have been reported in some patients treated by calcium channel blockers. Clinical data are insufficient regarding the potential effect of amlodipine on fertility. In one rat study, adverse effects were found on male fertility (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Summary of the safety profile: The most commonly reported adverse reactions with perindopril, indapamide and amlodipine given separately are: dizziness, headache, paraesthesia, somnolence, dysgeusia, visual impairment, diplopia, tinnitus, vertigo, palpitations, flushing, hypotension (and effects related to hypotension), cough, dyspnoea, gastro-intestinal disorders (abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, change of bowel habit), pruritus, rash, rash maculo-papular, muscle spasms, ankle swelling, asthenia, oedema and fatigue.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The following undesirable effects have been observed with perindopril, indapamide or amlodipine during treatment and ranked under the following frequency: Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). (See Tables 1a and 1b.)
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Cases of SIADH have been reported with other ACE inhibitors. SIADH can be considered as a very rare but possible complication associated with ACE inhibitor therapy including perindopril.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.
Clinical trial data has shown that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) through the combined use of ACE-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers or aliskiren is associated with a higher frequency of adverse events such as hypotension, hyperkalaemia and decreased renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to the use of a single RAAS-acting agent (see Contraindications, Warnings and Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Drugs inducing hyperkalaemia: Some drugs or therapeutic classes may increase the occurrence of hyperkalaemia: aliskiren, potassium salts, potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptors antagonists, NSAIDs, heparins, immunosuppressant agents such as ciclosporine or tacrolimus, trimethoprim. The combination of these drugs increases the risk of hyperkalaemia.
Concomitant use contraindicated (See Contraindications): Aliskiren: In diabetic or impaired renal patients, risk of hyperkalaemia, worsening of renal function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increase.
Extracorporeal treatments: Extracorporeal treatments leading to contact of blood with negatively charged surfaces such as dialysis or haemofiltration with certain high-flux membranes (e.g. polyacrylonitril membranes) and low density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulphate due to increased risk of severe anaphylactoid reactions (see Contraindications). If such treatment is required, consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of antihypertensive agent.
Sacubitril/valsartan: The concomitant use of perindopril with sacubitril/valsartan is contra-indicated as the concomitant inhibition of neprilysin and ACE may increase the risk of angioedema. Sacubitril/valsartan must not be started until 36 hours after taking the last dose of perindopril therapy. Perindopril therapy must not be started until 36 hours after the last dose of sacubitril/valsartan (see Contraindications and Warnings).
Concomitant use not recommended: See Table 2.
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Concomitant use which requires special care: See Table 3.
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Concomitant use to be taken into consideration: See Table 4.
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Special precautions for disposal: No special requirements.
Incompatibilities: Not applicable.
Store below 30°C.
Shelf life: 2 years.
For the container of 30 film-coated tablet, the in-use stability after first opening is 30 days.
C09BX01 - perindopril, amlodipine and indapamide ; Belongs to the class of ACE inhibitors and other combinations. Used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
5/1.25/5 mg FC tab (white, oblong, 9.75 mm long and 5.16 mm wide, engraved with
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on one face and
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on the other face) 30's. 5/1.25/10 mg FC tab (white, oblong, 10.7 mm long and 5.66 mm wide, engraved with
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on one face and
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on the other face) 30's. 10/2.5/5 mg FC tab (white, oblong, 11.5 mm long and 6.09 mm wide, engraved with
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on one face and
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on the other face) 30's. 10/2.5/10 mg FC tab (white, oblong, 12.2 mm long and 6.46 mm wide, engraved with
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on one face and
Click on icon to see table/diagram/image on the other face) 30's.
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