Detrusitol

Tolterodine tartrate.

Each film-coated tablet contains tolterodine tartrate 2 mg corresponding to 1.37 mg tolterodine.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Tablet Core: Microcrystalline cellulose, Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, Sodium starch glycollate (Type B), Magnesium stearate, Colloidal anhydrous silica.
Film coating: Coating granules containing Hypromellose, Microcrystalline cellulose, Stearic acid, Titanium dioxide E171.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Urinary antispasmodics. ATC code: G04B D07.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action: Tolterodine is a competitive, specific muscarinic receptor antagonist with a selectivity for the urinary bladder over salivary glands in vivo.
Pharmacodynamic effects: One of the tolterodine metabolites (5-hydroxymethyl derivative) exhibits a pharmacological profile similar to that of the parent compound. In extensive metabolisers this metabolite contributes significantly to the therapeutic effect (see Pharmacokinetics as follows).
Clinical efficacy and safety: Effect of the treatment can be expected within 4 weeks.
Effect of treatment with tolterodine 2 mg twice daily after 4 and 12 weeks, respectively, compared with placebo (pooled data). Absolute change and percentage change relative to baseline. (See Table 1.)

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The effect of tolterodine was evaluated in patients, examined with urodynamic assessment at baseline and, depending on the urodynamic result, they were allocated to a urodynamic positive (motor urgency) or a urodynamic negative (sensory urgency) group. Within each group, the patients were randomised to receive either tolterodine or placebo. The study could not provide convincing evidence that tolterodine had effects over placebo in patients with sensory urgency.
The clinical effects of tolterodine on QT interval were studied in ECGs obtained from over 600 treated patients, including the elderly and patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. The changes in QT intervals did not significantly differ between placebo and treatment groups.
The effect of tolterodine on QT-prolongation was investigated further in 48 healthy male and female volunteers aged 18-55 years. Subjects were administered 2 mg twice daily and 4 mg twice daily tolterodine as the immediate release formulations. The results (Fridericia corrected) at peak tolterodine concentration (1 hour) showed mean QTc interval increases of 5.0 and 11.8 msec for tolterodine doses of 2 mg twice daily and 4 mg twice daily respectively and 19.3 msec for moxifloxacin (400 mg) which was used as an active, internal control. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model estimated that QTc interval increases in poor metabolisers (devoid of CYP2D6) treated with tolterodine 2 mg twice daily are comparable to those observed in extensive metabolisers receiving 4 mg twice daily. At both doses of tolterodine, no subject, irrespective of their metabolic profile, exceeded 500 msec for absolute QTcF or 60 msec for change from baseline that are considered thresholds of particular concern. The 4 mg twice daily dose corresponds to a peak exposure (C_max) of three times that obtained with the highest therapeutic dose of tolterodine extended release capsules.
Pharmacokinetics: Pharmacokinetic characteristics specific for this formulation: Tolterodine is rapidly absorbed. Both tolterodine and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite reach maximal serum concentrations 1-3 hours after dose. The half-life for tolterodine given as the tablet is 2-3 hours in extensive and about 10 hours in poor metabolisers (devoid of CYP2D6). Steady state concentrations are reached within 2 days after administration of the tablets.
Food does not influence the exposure to the unbound tolterodine and the active 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite in extensive metabolisers, although the tolterodine levels increase when taken with food. Clinically relevant changes are likewise not expected in poor metabolisers.
Absorption: After oral administration, tolterodine is subject to CYP2D6 catalysed first-pass metabolism in the liver, resulting in the formation of the 5-hydroxymethyl derivative, a major pharmacologically equipotent metabolite.
The absolute bioavailability of tolterodine is 17% in extensive metabolisers, the majority of the patients, and 65% in poor metabolisers (devoid of CYP2D6).
Distribution: Tolterodine and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite bind primarily to orosomucoid. The unbound fractions are 3.7% and 36%, respectively. The volume of distribution of tolterodine is 113 L.
Elimination: Tolterodine is extensively metabolised by the liver following oral dosing. The primary metabolic route is mediated by the polymorphic enzyme CYP2D6 and leads to the formation of the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite. Further metabolism leads to formation of the 5-carboxylic acid and N-dealkylated 5-carboxylic acid metabolites, which account for 51% and 29% of the metabolites recovered in the urine, respectively. A subset (about 7%) of the population is devoid of CYP2D6 activity. The identified pathway of metabolism for these individuals (poor metabolisers) is dealkylation via CYP3A4 to N-dealkylated tolterodine, which does not contribute to the clinical effect. The remainder of the population is referred to as extensive metabolisers. The systemic clearance of tolterodine in extensive metabolisers is about 30 L/h. In poor metabolisers, the reduced clearance leads to significantly higher serum concentrations of tolterodine (about 7-fold) and negligible concentrations of the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite are observed.
The 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite is pharmacologically active and equipotent with tolterodine. Because of the differences in the protein-binding characteristics of tolterodine and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite, the exposure (AUC) of unbound tolterodine in poor metabolisers is similar to the combined exposure of unbound tolterodine and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite in patients with CYP2D6 activity given the same dosage regimen. The safety, tolerability and clinical response are similar irrespective of phenotype.
The excretion of radioactivity after administration of [¹⁴C]-tolterodine is about 77% in urine and 17% in faeces. Less than 1% of the dose is recovered as unchanged drug, and about 4% as the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite. The carboxylated metabolite and the corresponding dealkylated metabolite account for about 51% and 29% of the urinary recovery, respectively.
Linearity/non-linearity: The pharmacokinetics is linear in the therapeutic dosage range.
Hepatic impairment: About 2-fold higher exposure of unbound tolterodine and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite is found in subjects with liver cirrhosis (see Dosage & Administration and Precautions).
Impaired renal function: The mean exposure of unbound tolterodine and its 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite is doubled in patients with severe renal impairment (inulin clearance GFR ≤30 ml/min). The plasma levels of other metabolites were markedly (up to 12-fold) increased in these patients. The clinical relevance of the increased exposure of these metabolites is unknown. There is no data in mild to moderate renal impairment (see Dosage & Administration and Precautions).
Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data: In toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and safety pharmacology studies no clinically relevant effects have been observed, except those related to the pharmacological effect of the drug.
Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rabbits.
In mice, there was no effect of tolterodine on fertility or reproductive function. Tolterodine produced embryo death and malformations at plasma exposures (C_max or AUC) 20 or 7 times higher than those seen in treated humans.
In rabbits, no malformative effect was seen, but the studies were conducted at 20 or 3 times higher plasma exposure (C_max or AUC) than those expected in treated humans.
Tolterodine, as well as its active human metabolites, prolong action potential duration (90% repolarisation) in canine purkinje fibres (14 - 75 times therapeutic levels) and block the K+-current in cloned human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channels (0,5 - 26,1 times therapeutic levels). In dogs, prolongation of the QT interval has been observed after application of tolterodine and its human metabolites (3,1 - 61,0 times therapeutic levels). The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.

Tolterodine is indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency, or urge incontinence.

Adults (including the Elderly): The recommended total daily dose is 4 mg. Dosage with tolterodine tablets is 2 mg twice daily. The total daily dose may be reduced to 2 mg, based on individual tolerability.
Use in Children: Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.
Use in Impaired Renal Function: The recommended total daily dose is 2 mg (i.e., tolterodine tablets 1 mg twice daily) for patients with impaired renal function (see Precautions).
Use in Impaired Hepatic Function: The recommended total daily dose is 2 mg (i.e., tolterodine tablets 1 mg twice daily) for patients with impaired hepatic function (see Precautions).
Use with Potent CYP3A4 Inhibitors: The recommended total daily dose is 2 mg (i.e., tolterodine tablets 1 mg twice daily) for patients receiving concomitant ketoconazole or other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (see Precautions and Interactions).

Symptoms: The highest dose given to human volunteers of tolterodine L-tartrate is 12.8 mg as single dose. The most severe adverse events observed were accommodation disturbances and micturition difficulties.
Management: In the event of tolterodine overdose, treat with gastric lavage and give activated charcoal. Treat symptoms as follows: Severe central anticholinergic effects (e.g. hallucinations, severe excitation): treat with physostigmine.
Convulsions or pronounced excitation: treat with benzodiazepines.
Respiratory insufficiency: treat with artificial respiration.
Tachycardia: treat with beta-blockers.
Urinary retention: treat with catheterization.
Mydriasis: treat with pilocarpine eye drops and/or place patient in dark room.
An increase in QT interval was observed at a total daily dose of 8 mg immediate release tolterodine (twice the recommended daily dose of the immediate release formulation and equivalent to three times the peak exposure of the prolonged release capsule formulation) administered over four days. In the event of tolterodine overdose, standard supportive measures for managing QT prolongation should be adopted.

Tolterodine is contraindicated in patients with: Urinary retention; Uncontrolled narrow angle glaucoma; Myasthenia gravis; Known hypersensitivity to tolterodine or to any of the excipients (see Description); Severe ulcerative colitis; Toxic megacolon.

Tolterodine shall be used with caution in patients with: Significant bladder outlet obstruction at risk of urinary retention; Gastrointestinal obstructive disorders, e.g. pyloric stenosis; Renal impairment (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions); Hepatic disease (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions); Autonomic neuropathy; Hiatus hernia; Risk for decreased gastrointestinal motility.
Multiple oral total daily doses of immediate release 4 mg (therapeutic) and 8 mg (supratherapeutic) tolterodine have been shown to prolong the QTc interval (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions). The clinical relevance of these findings is unclear and will depend on individual patient risk factors and susceptibilities present. Tolterodine should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for QT-prolongation including: Congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation; Electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia; Bradycardia; Relevant pre-existing cardiac diseases (i.e. cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure); Concomitant administration of drugs known to prolong QT-interval including Class IA (e.g. quinidine, procainamide) and Class III (e.g. amiodarone, sotalol) anti-arrhythmics.
This especially holds true when taking potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Concomitant treatment with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors should be avoided (see Interactions).
Urinary retention: As with all treatments for symptoms of urgency and urge incontinence, organic reasons for urge and frequency should be considered before treatment.
Excipient information: Detrusitol 2 mg film-coated tablets contain less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet. Patients on low sodium diets can be informed that this medicinal product is essentially 'sodium free'.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Since this drug may cause accommodation disturbances and influence reaction time, the ability to drive and use machines may be negatively affected.

Pregnancy: There are no adequate data from the use of tolterodine in pregnant women.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data under Actions). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
Consequently, tolterodine is not recommended during pregnancy.
Lactation: No data concerning the excretion of tolterodine into human milk are available. Tolterodine should be avoided during lactation.
Fertility: Animal studies do not show an effect of tolterodine on fertility (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data under Actions). There are no human data.

Summary of the safety profile: Due to the pharmacological effect of tolterodine it may cause mild-to-moderate antimuscarinic effects, like dryness of the mouth, dyspepsia, and dry eyes.
Table 2 as follows reflects the data obtained with tolterodine in clinical trials and from post-marketing experience. The most commonly reported adverse reaction was dry mouth, which occurred in 35% of patients treated with tolterodine and in 10% of placebo treated patients. Headaches were also reported very commonly and occurred in 10.1% of patients treated with tolterodine and in 7.4% of placebo treated patients.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The adverse drug reactions listed in the table as follows are presented by System Organ Class (SOC) and frequency categories, defined using the following convention: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), or not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. (See Table 2.)

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Cases of aggravation of symptoms of dementia (e.g. confusion, disorientation, delusion) have been reported after tolterodine therapy was initiated in patients taking cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of dementia.

Concomitant systemic medication with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g. erythromycin and clarithromycin), antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole and itraconazole) and antiproteases is not recommended due to increased serum concentrations of tolterodine in poor CYP2D6 metabolisers with (subsequent) risk of overdosage (see Precautions).
Concomitant medication with other drugs that possess antimuscarinic properties may result in more pronounced therapeutic effect and side-effects. Conversely, the therapeutic effect of tolterodine may be reduced by concomitant administration of muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists.
The effect of prokinetics like metoclopramide and cisapride may be decreased by tolterodine.
Concomitant treatment with fluoxetine (a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor) does not result in a clinically significant interaction since tolterodine and its CYP2D6-dependent metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyl tolterodine are equipotent.
Drug interaction studies have shown no interactions with warfarin or combined oral contraceptives (ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel).
A clinical study has indicated that tolterodine is not a metabolic inhibitor of CYP2D6, 2C19, 2C9, 3A4 or 1A2. Therefore an increase of plasma levels of drugs metabolised by these isoenzymes is not expected when dosed in combination with tolterodine.

Incompatibilities: Not applicable.
Special Precautions for Disposal: Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Store below 30°C. Keep tablets in the original package, protected from moisture.

Drugs for Bladder & Prostate Disorders

G04BD07 - tolterodine ; Belongs to the class of urinary antispasmodics.

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