Albunorm

Human albumin.

Albunorm 5%: Albunorm 5% is a solution containing 50 g/l of total protein of which at least 96% is human albumin.
A bottle of 100 ml contains 5 g of human albumin.
A bottle of 250 ml contains 12.5 g of human albumin.
A bottle of 500 ml contains 25 g of human albumin.
Albunorm 20%: Albunorm 20% is a solution containing 200 g/l of total protein of which at least 96% is human albumin.
A bottle of 50 ml contains 10 g of human albumin.
A bottle of 100 ml contains 20 g of human albumin.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Sodium (144-160 mmol/l).
N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan, Caprylic acid, Water for injections.
Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium.
Albunorm 5%: Albunorm 5% is a mildly hypooncotic solution.
Albunorm 20%: Albunorm 20% is a hyperoncotic solution.

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: blood substitutes and plasma protein fractions. ATC Code: B05AA01.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Human albumin accounts quantitatively for more than half of the total protein in the plasma and represents about 10% of the protein synthesis activity of the liver.
Physico-chemical data: Human albumin 200 or 250 g/l has a corresponding hyperoncotic effect.
The most important physiological function of albumin results from its contribution to oncotic pressure of the blood and transport function. Albumin stabilises circulating blood volume and is a carrier of hormones, enzymes, medicinal products and toxins.
Pharmacokinetics: Under normal conditions the total exchangeable albumin pool is 4-5 g/kg body weight, of which 40-45% is present intravascularly and 55-60% in the extravascular space. Increased capillary permeability will alter albumin kinetics and abnormal distribution may occur in conditions such as severe burns or septic shock.
Under normal conditions, the average half-life of albumin is about 19 days. The balance between synthesis and breakdown is normally achieved by feedback regulation. Elimination is predominantly intracellular and due to lysosome proteases.
In healthy subjects, less than 10% of infused albumin leaves the intravascular compartment during the first 2 hours following infusion. There is considerable individual variation in the effect on plasma volume. In some patients the plasma volume can remain increased for some hours. However, in critically ill patients, albumin can leak out of the vascular space in substantial amounts at an unpredictable rate.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Human albumin is a normal constituent of human plasma and acts like physiological albumin.
In animals, single-dose toxicity testing is of little relevance and does not permit the evaluation of toxic or lethal doses or of a dose-effect-relationship. Repeated-dose toxicity testing is impracticable due to the development of antibodies to heterologous protein in animal models.
To date, human albumin has not been reported to be associated with embryo-fetal toxicity, oncogenic or mutagenic potential.
No signs of acute toxicity have been described in animal models.

Restoration and maintenance of circulating blood volume where volume deficiency has been demonstrated, and use of a colloid is appropriate.
The choice of albumin rather than artificial colloid will depend on the clinical situation of the individual patient, based on official recommendations.

The concentration of the albumin preparation, dosage and the infusion-rate should be adjusted to the patient's individual requirements.
Posology: The dose required depends on the size of the patient, the severity of trauma or illness and on continuing fluid and protein losses. Measures of adequacy of circulating volume and not plasma albumin levels should be used to determine the dose required.
If human albumin is to be administered, haemodynamic performance should be monitored regularly; this may include: arterial blood pressure and pulse rate; central venous pressure; pulmonary artery wedge pressure; urine output; electrolyte; haematocrit/haemoglobin.
Paediatric population: Data on the use of Albunorm 5% and Albunorm 20% in children are limited; therefore, the product should only be administered to these individuals if the benefits clearly outweigh potential risks.
Method of administration: Albunorm 5%: Human albumin can be directly administered by the intravenous route.
The infusion rate should be adjusted according to the individual circumstances and the indication.
In plasma exchange the infusion-rate should be adjusted to the rate of removal.
Albunorm 20%: Human albumin can be directly administered by the intravenous route, or it can also be diluted in an isotonic solution (e.g. 5% glucose or 0.9% sodium chloride). The infusion rate should be adjusted according to the individual circumstances and the indication.
In plasma exchange the infusion-rate should be adjusted to the rate of removal.

Hypervolaemia may occur if the dosage and rate of infusion are too high. At the first clinical signs of cardiovascular overload (headache, dyspnoea, jugular vein congestion), or increased blood pressure, raised central venous pressure and pulmonary oedema, the infusion should be stopped immediately and the patient's haemodynamic parameters carefully monitored.

Hypersensitivity to albumin preparations or to any of the excipients.

Albunorm 5%: Suspicion of allergic or anaphylactic type reactions requires immediate discontinuation of the injection. In case of shock, standard medical treatment for shock should be implemented.
Albumin should be used with caution in conditions where hypervolaemia and its consequences or haemodilution could represent a special risk for the patient. Examples of such conditions are: Decompensated cardiac insufficiency; Hypertension; Oesophageal varices; Pulmonary oedema; Haemorrhagic diathesis; Severe anaemia; Renal and post-renal anuria.
In a post-hoc follow-up study of critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury, fluid resuscitation with albumin was associated with higher mortality rates than was resuscitation with saline. While the mechanisms underlying this observed difference in mortality are not clear, caution is advised in the use of albumin in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
200-250 g/l human albumin solutions are relatively low in electrolytes compared to 40-50 g/l human albumin solutions. When albumin is given, the electrolyte status of the patient should be monitored (see Dosage & Administration) and appropriate steps taken to restore or maintain the electrolyte balance.
If comparatively large volumes are to be replaced, controls of coagulation and haematocrit are necessary. Care must be taken to ensure adequate substitution of other blood constituents (coagulation factors, electrolytes, platelets and erythrocytes).
Hypervolaemia may occur if the dosage and rate of infusion are not adjusted to the patients circulatory situation. At the first clinical signs of cardiovascular overload (headache, dyspnoea, jugular vein congestion), or increased blood pressure, raised venous pressure and pulmonary oedema, the infusion is to be stopped immediately.
This medicinal product contains 14.4-16 mmol/36-40 mmol/72-80 mmol sodium per one bottle of 100 ml/250 ml/500 ml albumin solution, this has to be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
This medicine contains maximum 1.25 mmol potassium per one bottle of 500 ml albumin solution, this has to be taken into consideration for patients with reduced kidney function or patients on a controlled potassium diet.
Standard measure to prevent infections resulting from the use of medicinal products prepared from human blood or plasma include selection of donors, screening of individual donations and plasma pools for specific markers of infection and the inclusion of effective manufacturing steps for the inactivation/removal of viruses. Despite this, when medicinal products prepared from human blood or plasma are administered, the possibility of transmitting infective agents cannot be totally excluded. This also applies to unknown or emerging viruses and other pathogens.
There are no reports of virus transmissions with albumin manufactured to European Pharmacopoeia specifications by established processes.
It is strongly recommended that every time that Albunorm 5% is administered to a patient, the name and batch number of the product are recorded in order to maintain a link between the patient and the batch of the product.
Albunorm 20%: Suspicion of allergic or anaphylactic type reactions requires immediate discontinuation of the injection. In case of shock, standard medical treatment for shock should be implemented.
Albumin should be used with caution in conditions where hypervolaemia and its consequences or haemodilution could represent a special risk for the patient. Examples of such conditions are: Decompensated cardiac insufficiency; Hypertension; Oesophageal varices; Pulmonary oedema; Haemorrhagic diathesis; Severe anaemia; Renal and post-renal anuria.
In a post-hoc follow-up study of critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury, fluid resuscitation with albumin was associated with higher mortality rates than was resuscitation with saline. While the mechanisms underlying this observed difference in mortality are not clear, caution is advised in the use of albumin in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
The colloid-osmotic effect of human albumin 200 or 250 g/l is approximately four times that of blood plasma. Therefore, when concentrated albumin is administered, care must be taken to assure adequate hydration of the patient. Patients should be monitored carefully to guard against circulatory overload and hyperhydration.
200-250 g/l human albumin solutions are relatively low in electrolytes compared to 40-50 g/l human albumin solutions. When albumin is given, the electrolyte status of the patient should be monitored (see Dosage & Administration) and appropriate steps taken to restore or maintain the electrolyte balance.
Albumin solutions must not be diluted with water for injections as this may cause haemolysis in recipients.
Hypervolaemia may occur if the dosage and rate of infusion are not adjusted to the patients circulatory situation. At the first clinical signs of cardiovascular overload (headache, dyspnoea, jugular vein congestion), or increased blood pressure, raised venous pressure and pulmonary oedema, the infusion is to be stopped immediately.
This medicinal product contains 7.2-8 mmol /14.4-16 mmol sodium per one bottle of 50 ml/100 ml albumin solution, this has to be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
This medicine contains maximum 1mmol potassium per one bottle of 100 ml albumin solution, this has to be taken into consideration for patients with reduced kidney function or patients on a controlled potassium diet.
Standard measure to prevent infections resulting from the use of medicinal products prepared from human blood or plasma include selection of donors, screening of individual donations and plasma pools for specific markers of infection and the inclusion of effective manufacturing steps for the inactivation/removal of viruses. Despite this, when medicinal products prepared from human blood or plasma are administered, the possibility of transmitting infective agents cannot be totally excluded. This also applies to unknown or emerging viruses and other pathogens.
There are no reports of virus transmissions with albumin manufactured to European Pharmacopoeia specifications by established processes.
It is strongly recommended that every time that Albunorm 20% is administered to a patient, the name and batch number of the product are recorded in order to maintain a link between the patient and the batch of the product.
Effect on ability to drive and use machines: No effects on ability to drive and use machines have been observed.

The safety of Albunorm 5% and Albunorm 20% for use in human pregnancy has not been established in controlled clinical trials. However, clinical experience with albumin suggests that no harmful effects on the course of pregnancy, or on the fetus and the neonate are to be expected.
No animal reproduction studies have been conducted with Albunorm 5% and Albunorm 20%.
However, human albumin is a normal constituent of human blood.

Mild reactions such as flush, urticaria, fever, and nausea occur rarely. These reactions normally disappear rapidly when the infusion rate is slowed down or the infusion is stopped. Very rarely, severe reactions such as shock may occur. In case of severe reactions, the infusion should be stopped and an appropriate treatment should be initiated.
The following adverse reactions have been observed for human albumin solutions during the postmarketing phase and can therefore also be expected for Albunorm 5% and Albunorm 20%. (See table.)

Click on icon to see table/diagram/image

For safety with respect to transmissible agents, see Precautions.

No specific interactions of human albumin with other medicinal products are known.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling: The solution can be directly administered by the intravenous route, or it can also be diluted in an isotonic solution (e.g. 5 % glucose or 0.9 % sodium chloride).
Albumin solutions must not be diluted with water for injections as this may cause haemolysis in recipients.
If large volumes are administered, the product should be warmed to room or body temperature before use.
Do not use solutions which are cloudy or have deposits. This may indicate that the protein is unstable or that the solution has become contaminated.
Once the container has been opened the content should be used immediately.
Any unused product should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Incompatibilities: Human albumin solution must not be mixed with other medicinal products, whole blood, packed red cells and water for injections.

Do not store above +25°C.
Store in the original container in order to protect from light.
Do not freeze.
Shelf-Life: 3 years.
After the vial has been opened, the content should be used immediately.

Intravenous & Other Sterile Solutions

B05AA01 - albumin ; Belongs to the class of blood substitutes and plasma protein fractions. Used as blood substitutes.

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