Lynparza

Olaparib.

Lynparza 100 mg film-coated tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 100 mg olaparib.
Lynparza 150 mg film-coated tablets: Each film-coated tablet contains 150 mg olaparib.
Excipient with known effect: This medicinal product contains 0.24 mg sodium per 100 mg tablet and 0.35 mg sodium per 150 mg tablet, i.e. essentially "sodium-free".
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Tablet core: Copovidone, Colloidal anhydrous silica, Mannitol, Sodium stearyl fumarate.
Tablet coating: Hypromellose, Macrogol 400, Titanium dioxide (E171), Iron oxide yellow (E172), Iron oxide black (E172) (150 mg tablet only).

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antineoplastic agents, other antineoplastic agents. ATC code: L01XK01.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects: Olaparib is a potent inhibitor of human poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes (PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARP-3), and has been shown to inhibit the growth of selected tumour cell lines in vitro and tumour growth in vivo either as a standalone treatment or in combination with established chemotherapies.
PARPs are required for the efficient repair of DNA single strand breaks and an important aspect of PARP-induced repair requires that after chromatin modification, PARP auto-modifies itself and dissociates from the DNA to facilitate access for base excision repair (BER) enzymes. When olaparib is bound to the active site of DNA-associated PARP it prevents the dissociation of PARP and traps it on the DNA, thus blocking repair. In replicating cells this also leads to the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) when replication forks meet the PARP-DNA adducts. In normal cells, homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway is effective at repairing these DNA DSBs. In cancers cell lacking critical functional components for efficient HRR such as BRCA1 or 2, DNA DSBs cannot be repaired accurately or effectively, leading to substantial homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Instead, alternative and error-prone pathways are activated, such as the classical non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, leading to a high degree of genomic instability. After a number of rounds of replication, genomic instability can reach insupportable levels and result in cancer cell death, as cancer cells already have a high DNA damage load relative to normal cells. HRR pathway may be compromised by other mechanisms, although the causative aberrancy and penetrance are not fully elucidated. Absence of fully functional HRR pathway is one of the key determinants of platinum sensitivity in ovarian and possibly other cancers.
In BRCA1/2-deficient in vivo models, olaparib given after platinum treatment resulted in a delay in tumour progression and an increase in overall survival compared to platinum treatment alone that correlated with the period of olaparib maintenance treatment.
Detection of BRCA1/2 mutations: Genetic testing should be conducted by an experienced laboratory using a validated test. Local or central testing of blood and/or tumour samples for germline and/or somatic BRCA1/2 mutations have been used in different studies. DNA obtained from a tissue or blood sample has been tested in most of the studies, with testing of ctDNA being used for exploratory purposes. Depending on the test used and the international classification consensus, the BRCA1/2 mutations have been classified as deleterious/suspected deleterious or pathogenic/likely pathogenic. Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) positive status can be defined by detection of a BRCA1/2 mutation classified as deleterious/suspected deleterious or pathogenic/likely pathogenic. Detection of these mutations could be combined with positive HRD score (below) to determine HRD positive status.
Detection of genomic instability: HR deficiency-associated genomic alterations that have been investigated in Paola-1 include genome-wide loss of heterozygosity, telomeric allelic imbalance and large scale transition, which are continuous measures with pre-defined criteria and score. Composite genomic instability score (GIS, also called HRD score) is determined when the combined measures and respective scores are used to assess the extent of specific genomic aberrations accumulated in tumour cells. Lower score defines lower likelihood of HR deficiency of tumour cells and higher score determines higher likelihood of HR deficiency of tumour cells at the time of the sample collection relative to exposure to DNA damaging agents. Validated cut-offs should be used to determine GIS positive status.
HRD positive status can be defined by a composite GIS score for HR deficiency-associated genomic alterations tested by an experienced laboratory using a validated test.
Clinical efficacy and safety: Maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer: SOLO1 Study: The safety and efficacy of olaparib as maintenance therapy were studied in patients with newly diagnosed advanced (FIGO Stage III-IV) high-grade serous or endometrioid BRCA1/2 mutated (BRCA1/2m) ovarian cancer following completion of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in a Phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.
In this study 391 patients were randomised 2:1 to receive either Lynparza (300 mg [2 x 150 mg tablets] twice daily) or placebo. Patients were stratified by response to first-line platinum chemotherapy; complete response (CR) or partial response (PR). Treatment was continued until radiological progression of the underlying disease, unacceptable toxicity or for up to 2 years. For patients who remained in complete clinical response (i.e. no radiological evidence of disease), the maximum duration of treatment was 2 years; however, patients who had evidence of disease that remained stable (i.e. no evidence of disease progression) could continue to receive Lynparza beyond 2 years.
Patients with germline or somatic BRCA1/2 mutations were identified prospectively either from germline testing in blood via a local test (n=208) or central test (n=181) or from testing a tumour sample using a local test (n=2). By central germline testing, deleterious or suspected deleterious mutations were identified in 95.3% (365/383) and 4.7% (18/383) of patients, respectively. Large rearrangements in the BRCA1/2 genes were detected in 5.5% (21/383) of the randomised patients. The gBRCAm status of patients enrolled via local testing was confirmed retrospectively by central testing. Retrospective testing of patients with available tumour samples was performed using central testing and generated successful results in 341 patients, of which 95% had an eligible mutation (known [n=47] or likely pathogenic [n=277]) and 2 gBRCAwt patients were confirmed to have sBRCAm only. There were 389 patients who were germline BRCA1/2m and 2 who were somatic BRCA1/2m in SOLO1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the olaparib and placebo treatment arms. Median age was 53 years in both arms. Ovarian cancer was the primary tumour in 85% of the patients. The most common histological type was serous (96%), endometrioid histology was reported in 2% of the patients. Most patients were ECOG performance status 0 (78%), there are no data in patients with performance status 2 to 4. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the patients had upfront debulking surgery and of these the majority (75%) had no macroscopic residual disease. Interval debulking surgery was performed in 35% of the patients and of these 82% had no macroscopic residual disease reported. Seven patients, all stage IV, had no cytoreductive surgery. All patients had received first-line platinum-based therapy. There was no evidence of disease at study entry (CR), defined by the investigator as no radiological evidence of disease and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) within normal range, in 73% and 77% of patients in the olaparib and placebo arms, respectively. PR, defined as the presence of any measurable or non-measurable lesions at baseline or elevated CA-125, was reported in 27% and 23% of patients in the olaparib and placebo arms, respectively. Ninety three percent (93%) of patients were randomised within 8 weeks of their last dose of platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients who had been treated with bevacizumab were excluded from the study, therefore there are no safety and efficacy data on olaparib patients who had previously received bevacizumab. There are very limited data in patients with a somatic BRCA mutation.
The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) defined as time from randomisation to progression determined by investigator assessment using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, or death. Secondary efficacy endpoints included time from randomisation to second progression or death (PFS2), overall survival (OS), time from randomisation to discontinuation of treatment or death (TDT), time from randomisation to first subsequent anti-cancer therapy or death (TFST) and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Patients had tumour assessments at baseline and every 12 weeks for 3 years, and then every 24 weeks relative to date of randomisation, until objective radiological disease progression.
The study demonstrated a clinically relevant and statistically significant improvement in investigator assessed PFS for olaparib compared to placebo. The investigator assessment of PFS was supported with a blinded independent central radiological (BICR) review of PFS. At the time of PFS analysis, interim OS data were immature (21%), with HR 0.95 (95% CI 0.60, 1.53; p-value=0.9). Efficacy results are presented in Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2. (See Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2.)


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Consistent results were observed in the subgroups of patients by evidence of the disease at study entry. Patients with CR defined by the investigator had HR 0.34 (95% CI 0.24-0.47); median PFS not reached on olaparib vs 15.3 months on placebo. At 24 and 36 months, respectively, 68% and 45% patients remained in CR in the olaparib arm, and 34% and 22% of patients in the placebo arm. Patients with PR at study entry had PFS HR 0.31 (95% CI 0.18, 0.52; median PFS 30.9 months on olaparib vs 8.4 months on placebo). Patients with PR at study entry either achieved CR (15% in olaparib arm and 4% in the placebo arm at 24 months, remained in CR at 36 months) or had further PR/stable disease (43% in olaparib arm and 15% in the placebo arm at 24 months; 17% in olaparib arm and 15% in placebo arm at 36 months). The proportion of patients who progressed within 6 months of the last dose of platinum-based chemotherapy was 3.5% for olaparib and 8.4% for placebo.
Maintenance treatment of platinum-sensitive relapsed (PSR) ovarian cancer: SOLO2 Study: The safety and efficacy of olaparib as maintenance therapy were studied in a Phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with germline BRCA1/2-mutated PSR ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer. The study compared the efficacy of Lynparza maintenance treatment (300 mg [2 x 150 mg tablets] twice daily) taken until progression with placebo treatment in 295 patients with high-grade serous or endometrioid PSR ovarian cancer (2:1 randomisation: 196 olaparib and 99 placebo) who were in response (CR or PR) following completion of platinum-containing chemotherapy.
Patients who have received two or more platinum-containing regimens and whose disease had recurred >6 months after completion of penultimate platinum-based chemotherapy were enrolled. Patients could not have received prior olaparib or other PARP inhibitor treatment. Patients could have received prior bevacizumab, except in the regimen immediately prior to randomisation.
All patients had evidence of gBRCA1/2m at baseline. Patients with BRCA1/2 mutations were identified either from germline testing in blood via a local test or by central testing at Myriad or from testing a tumour sample using a local test. Large rearrangements in the BRCA1/2 genes were detected in 4.7% (14/295) of the randomised patients.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the olaparib and placebo arms. Median age was 56 years in both arms. Ovarian cancer was the primary tumour in >80% of the patients. The most common histological type was serous (> 90%), endometrioid histology was reported in 6% of the patients. In the olaparib arm 55% of the patients had only 2 prior lines of treatment with 45% receiving 3 or more prior lines of treatment. In the placebo arm 61% of patients had received only 2 prior lines with 39% receiving 3 or more prior lines of treatment. Most patients were ECOG performance status 0 (81%), there are no data in patients with performance status 2 to 4. Platinum free interval was >12 months in 60% and >6-12 months in 40% of the patients. Response to prior platinum chemotherapy was complete in 47% and partial in 53% of the patients. In the olaparib and placebo arms, 17% and 20% of patients had prior bevacizumab, respectively.
The primary endpoint was PFS determined by investigator assessment using RECIST 1.1. Secondary efficacy endpoints included PFS2; OS, TDT, TFST, TSST; and HRQoL.
The study met its primary objective demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in investigator assessed PFS for olaparib compared with placebo with a HR of 0.30 (95% CI 0.22-0.41; p<0.0001; median 19.1 months olaparib vs 5.5 months placebo). The investigator assessment of PFS was supported with a blinded independent central radiological review of PFS (HR 0.25; 95% CI 0.18-0.35; p<0.0001; median 30.2 months for olaparib and 5.5 months placebo). At 2 years, 43% olaparib-treated patients remained progression free compared with only 15% placebo-treated patients. At the final analysis of OS (61% maturity) the HR was 0.74 (95% CI 0.54-1.00; p=0.0537; median 51.7 months for olaparib vs 38.8 months for placebo) which did not reach statistical significance.
A summary of the primary objective outcome for patients with gBRCA1/2m PSR ovarian cancer in SOLO2 is presented in Table 2 and Figure 3. (See Table 2 and Figures 3 and 4.)


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The secondary endpoints TFST and PFS2 demonstrated a persistent and statistically significant improvement for olaparib compared with placebo (see Table 3).


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Among the patients entering the trial with measurable disease (target lesions at baseline), an objective response rate of 41% was achieved in the Lynparza arm versus 17% on placebo. Of patients treated with Lynparza, who entered the study with evidence of disease (target or non-target lesions at baseline), 15.0% experienced complete response compared with 9.1% of patients on placebo.
At the time of the analysis of PFS the median duration of treatment was 19.4 months for olaparib and 5.6 months for placebo. The majority of patients remained on the 300 mg bd starting dose of olaparib. The incidence of dose interruptions, reductions, discontinuations due to an adverse event was 45.1%, 25.1% and 10.8%, respectively. Dose interruptions occurred most frequently in the first 3 months and dose reductions in the first 3-6 months of treatment. The most frequent adverse reactions leading to dose interruption or dose reduction were anaemia, nausea and vomiting.
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) data indicate no difference for the olaparib-treated patients as compared to placebo as assessed by the change from baseline in the TOI of the FACT-O.
Study 19 (D0810C00019): The safety and efficacy of olaparib as a maintenance therapy in the treatment of PSR ovarian, including fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer patients, following treatment with two or more platinum-containing regimens, were studied in a large Phase II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 19). The study compared the efficacy of Lynparza capsule maintenance treatment (400 mg [8 x 50 mg capsules] twice daily) taken until progression with placebo treatment in 265 (136 olaparib and 129 placebo) PSR high grade serous ovarian cancer patients who were in response (CR or PR) following completion of platinum-containing chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was PFS based on investigator assessment using RECIST 1.0. Secondary efficacy endpoints included OS, disease control rate (DCR) defined as confirmed CR/PR + SD (stable disease), HRQoL and disease related symptoms. Exploratory analyses of TFST and TSST were also performed.
Patients whose disease had recurred >6 months after completion of penultimate platinum-based chemotherapy were enrolled. Enrolment did not require evidence of BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA mutation status for some patients was determined retrospectively). Patients could not have received prior olaparib or other PARP inhibitor treatment. Patients could have received prior bevacizumab, except in the regimen immediately prior to randomisation. Retreatment with olaparib was not permitted following progression on olaparib.
Patients with BRCA1/2 mutations were identified either from germline testing in blood via a local test or by central testing at Myriad or from testing a tumour sample using a test performed by Foundation Medicine. Large rearrangements in the BRCA1/2 genes were detected in 7.4% (10/136) of the randomised patients.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the olaparib and placebo arms. Median age was 59 years in both arms. Ovarian cancer was the primary tumour in 86% of the patients. In the olaparib arm 44% of the patients had only 2 prior lines of treatment with 56% receiving 3 or more prior lines of treatment. In the placebo arm 49% of patients had received only 2 prior lines with 51% receiving 3 or more prior lines of treatment. Most patients were ECOG performance status 0 (77%), there are no data in patients with performance status 2 to 4. Platinum free interval was > 12 months in 60% and 6-12 months in 40% of the patients. Response to prior platinum chemotherapy was complete in 45% and partial in 55% of the patients. In the olaparib and placebo arms, 6% and 5% of patients had prior bevacizumab, respectively.
The study met its primary objective demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in PFS for olaparib compared with placebo in the overall population with a HR of 0.35 (95% CI 0.25-0.49; p<0.00001; median 8.4 months olaparib vs 4.8 months placebo). At the final OS analysis (data cut off [DCO] 9 May 2016) at 79% maturity, the hazard ratio comparing olaparib with placebo was 0.73 (95% CI 0.55-0.95; p=0.02138 [did not meet pre-specified significance level of <0.0095]; median 29.8 months olaparib versus 27.8 months placebo). In the olaparib-treated group, 23.5% (n=32/136) of patients remained on treatment for ≥2 years as compared with 3.9% (n=5/128) of the patients on placebo. Although patient numbers were limited, 13.2% (n=18/136) of the patients in the olaparib-treated group remained on treatment for ≥5 years as compared with 0.8% (n=1/128) in the placebo group.
Preplanned subgroup analysis identified patients with BRCA1/2-mutated ovarian cancer (n=136, 51.3%; including 20 patients identified with a somatic tumour BRCA1/2 mutation) as the subgroup that derived the greatest clinical benefit from olaparib maintenance monotherapy. A benefit was also observed in patients with BRCA1/2 wild-type/variants of uncertain significance (BRCA1/2 wt/VUS), although of a lesser magnitude. There was no strategy for multiple testing in place for the sub-group analyses.
A summary of the primary objective outcome for patients with BRCA1/2-mutated and BRCA1/2 wt/VUS PSR ovarian cancer in Study 19 is presented in Table 4 and for all patients in Study 19 in Table 4 and Figure 5. (See Table 4 and Figure 5).


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A summary of key secondary objective outcomes for patients with BRCA1/2-mutated and BRCA1/2 wt/VUS PSR ovarian cancer in Study 19 is presented in Table 5 and for all patients in Study 19 in Table 5 and Figure 6. (See Table 5 and Figure 6.)


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At the time of the analysis of PFS the median duration of treatment was 8 months for olaparib and 4 months for placebo. The majority of patients remained on the 400 mg bd starting dose of olaparib. The incidence of dose interruptions, reductions and discontinuations due to an adverse event was 34.6%, 25.7% and 5.9%, respectively. Dose interruptions and reductions occurred most frequently in the first 3 months of treatment. The most frequent adverse reactions leading to dose interruption or dose reduction were nausea, anaemia, vomiting, neutropenia and fatigue. The incidence of anaemia adverse reactions was 22.8% (CTCAE grade ≥3 7.4%).
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) data indicate no difference for the olaparib-treated patients as compared to placebo as measured by improvement and worsening rates in the TOI and FACT-O total.
Maintenance treatment of HRD positive advanced ovarian cancer: PAOLA-1 Study: PAOLA-1 was a Phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial that compared the efficacy and safety of Lynparza (300 mg [2 x 150 mg tablets] twice daily) in combination with bevacizumab (15 mg/kg of body weight given once every 3 weeks as an intravenous infusion) versus placebo plus bevacizumab for the maintenance treatment of advanced (FIGO Stage III-IV) high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer following first-line platinum-based chemotherapy and bevacizumab. Treatment with bevacizumab was for a total of up to 15 months/22 cycles, including the period given with chemotherapy and given as maintenance.
The study randomised 806 patients (2:1 randomisation: 537 olaparib/bevacizumab: 269 placebo/bevacizumab) who had no evidence of disease (NED) due to complete surgical resection, or who were in complete response (CR), or partial response (PR) following completion of first-line platinum-containing chemotherapy and bevacizumab. Patients had completed a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 9 cycles, with the majority (63%) having received 6 cycles of first line platinum-taxane based chemotherapy, including a minimum of 2 cycles of bevacizumab in combination with the 3 last cycles of chemotherapy. The median number of bevacizumab cycles prior to randomisation was 5.
Patients were stratified by first-line treatment outcome (timing and outcome of cytoreductive surgery and response to platinum-based chemotherapy) and tBRCAm status, determined by prospective local testing. Patients continued bevacizumab in the maintenance setting and started treatment with Lynparza after a minimum of 3 weeks and up to a maximum of 9 weeks following completion of their last dose of chemotherapy. Treatment with Lynparza was continued until progression of the underlying disease, unacceptable toxicity or for up to 2 years. Patients who in the opinion of the treating physician could derive further benefit from continuous treatment could be treated beyond 2 years.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were balanced between both arms in the ITT population and in the biomarker-defined sub-groups by tBRCAm (prospectively and retrospectively defined), GIS and HRD status (defined in this study by a combination of both biomarkers). The median age of patients was 61 years overall. Most patients in both arms were ECOG performance status 0 (70%). Ovarian cancer was the primary tumour in 86% of the patients. The most common histological type was serous (96%) and endometrioid histology was reported in 2% of the patients. Most patients were diagnosed in FIGO stage IIIC (63%). All patients had received first-line platinum-based therapy and bevacizumab. Patients were not restricted by the surgical outcome with 63% having complete cytoreduction at initial or interval debulking surgery and 37% having residual macroscopic disease. Thirty percent (30%) of patients in both arms were tBRCAm at screening. Demographic and baseline characteristics in the biomarker sub-groups were consistent with those in the ITT population. In the HRD-positive subgroup, 65% of patients had complete cytoreduction and 35% of patients had residual macroscopic disease. In the overall patient population enrolled, 30% of patients in both arms were tBRCAm (deleterious/pathogenic mutation) at screening by local testing and for 4% of patients the BRCAm status was unknown. Retrospective analysis of available clinical samples was conducted in 97% of patients to confirm tBRCAm status and investigate genomic instability score as described previously. Among non-tBRCAm patients, 29% (19% of the overall population) had positive GIS pre-defined in this study as composite score ≥42. When tBRCAm status and positive GIS were combined, patients with HRD-positive, HRD-negative and HRD unknown status in their tumours represented 48%, 34% and 18% of the overall patient population.
The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), defined as time from randomisation to progression determined by investigator assessment using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, or death. Secondary efficacy endpoints included time from randomisation to second progression or death (PFS2), overall survival (OS), time from randomisation to first subsequent anti-cancer therapy or death (TFST) and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Patients had RECIST 1.1 tumour assessments at baseline and every 24 weeks (CT/MRI at 12 weeks if clinical or CA 125 progression) for up to 42 months or until objective radiological disease progression.
The study met its primary end-point in the ITT population demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in investigator assessed PFS for olaparib/bevacizumab compared to placebo/bevacizumab (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.49-0.72, p<0.0001 with a median of 22.1 months for olaparib/bevacizumab vs 16.6 months for placebo/bevacizumab). This was consistent with a BICR analysis of PFS. However, patients defined as biomarker-positive (tBRCAm, GIS, HRD status positive defined as tBRCAm and/or GIS positive) derived most of the benefit.
Final analysis of PFS2 (DCO 22 March 2020, 53% maturity) in the overall population was statistically significant (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64-0.95, p=0.0125 with a median of 36.5 months for olaparib/ bevacizumab vs 32.6 months for placebo/bevacizumab). Overall survival data were immature in the overall population and biomarker subgroups. Sixty percent (60%) of patients in the olaparib/ bevacizumab arm and 74% in the placebo/bevacizumab arm received subsequent therapy and of these patients, 20% and 47% in the olaparib/bevacizumab and placebo/bevacizumab arms, respectively, received a PARP inhibitor.
In the tBRCAm as randomised subgroup (241/806 patients) median PFS for the olaparib/bevacizumab arm was 37.2 months vs 22.0 months for the placebo/bevacizumab arm (HR=0.34, 95% CI 0.23,0.51) and for OS (DCO 22 March 2020) the HR was 0.68 (95% CI 0.40, 1.19).
Efficacy results in other biomarkers subgroup analyses based on retrospectively analysed tumour samples are presented in Table 6. (See Table 6 and Figure 7.)


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gBRCA1/2-mutated HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: OlympiAD (Study D0819C00003): The safety and efficacy of olaparib in patients with gBRCA1/2-mutations who had HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer were studied in a Phase III randomised, open-label, controlled trial (OlympiAD). In this study 302 patients with a documented deleterious or suspected deleterious gBRCA mutation were randomised 2:1 to receive either Lynparza (300 mg [2 x 150 mg tablets] twice daily) or physician's choice of chemotherapy (capecitabine 42%, eribulin 35%, or vinorelbine 17%) until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients with BRCA1/2 mutations were identified from germline testing in blood via a local test or by central testing at Myriad. Patients were stratified based on: receipt of prior chemotherapy regimens for metastatic breast cancer (yes/no), hormone receptor (HR) positive vs triple negative (TNBC), prior platinum treatment for breast cancer (yes/no). The primary endpoint was PFS assessed by blinded independent central review (BICR) using RECIST 1.1. Secondary endpoints included PFS2, OS, objective response rate (ORR) and HRQoL.
Patients must have received treatment with an anthracycline unless contraindicated and a taxane in either a (neo)adjuvant or metastatic setting. Patients with HR+ (ER and/or PgR positive) tumours must have received and progressed on at least one endocrine therapy (adjuvant or metastatic) or had disease that the treating physician believed to be inappropriate for endocrine therapy. Prior therapy with platinum was allowed in the metastatic setting provided there had been no evidence of disease progression during platinum treatment and in the (neo)adjuvant setting provided the last dose was received at least 12 months prior to randomisation. No previous treatment with a PARP inhibitor, including olaparib, was permitted.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the olaparib and comparator arms (see Table 7).


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As subsequent therapy, 0.5% and 8% of patients received a PARP inhibitor in the treatment and comparator arms, respectively; 29% and 42% of patients, respectively, received subsequent platinum therapy.
A statistically significant improvement in PFS, the primary efficacy outcome, was demonstrated for olaparib-treated patients compared with those in the comparator arm (see Table 8 and Figure 8).


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Consistent results were observed in all predefined patient subgroups (see Figure 9). Subgroup analysis indicated PFS benefit of olaparib versus comparator in TNBC (HR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.29-0.63, n=152) and HR+ (HR 0.82; 95% CI: 0.55-1.26, n=150) patient subgroups. (See Figure 9.)


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In a post-hoc analysis of the subgroup of patients that had not progressed on chemotherapy other than platinum, the median PFS in the olaparib arm (n=22) was 8.3 months (95% CI 3.1-16.7) and 2.8 months (95% CI 1.4-4.2) in the chemotherapy arm (n=16) with a HR of 0.54 (95% CI 0.24-1.23). However, the number of patients is too limited to make meaningful conclusions on the efficacy in this subgroup.
Seven male patients were randomised (5 olaparib and 2 comparator). At the time of the PFS analysis, 1 patient had a confirmed partial response with a duration of response of 9.7 months in the olaparib arm. There were no confirmed responses in the comparator arm. (See Figure 10.)


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OS analysis in patients with no prior chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer indicated benefit in these patients with a HR of 0.45 (95% CI 0.27-0.77), while for further lines of therapy HR exceeded 1.
Maintenance treatment of germline BRCA-mutated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: POLO Study: The safety and efficacy of olaparib as maintenance therapy were studied in a randomised (3:2), double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial in 154 patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations who had metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Patients received either Lynparza 300 mg (2 x 150 mg tablets) twice daily (n=92) or placebo (n=62) until radiological disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients should have not progressed during first-line platinum-based chemotherapy and should have received a minimum of 16 weeks of continuous platinum treatment, which could be discontinued at any time thereafter for unacceptable toxicity while the remaining agents continued according to the planned regimen or unacceptable toxicity for other component(s). Patients who could tolerate complete platinum-containing chemotherapy regimen until progression have not been considered for this study. The maintenance therapy was started 4 to 8 weeks after the last dose of first-line chemotherapy component(s) in the absence of progression and if all toxicities from previous anti-cancer therapy had been resolved to CTCAE grade 1, except for alopecia, grade 3 peripheral neuropathy and Hgb ≥ 9 g/dL.
Thirty-one percent (31%) of patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations were identified from prior local testing results and 69% of patients by central testing. In the olaparib arm, 32% of patients carried a germline BRCA1 mutation, 64% a germline BRCA2 mutation and 1% carried both germline BRCA1 and germline BRCA2 mutations. In the placebo arm, 26% of patients carried a germline BRCA1 mutation, 73% a germline BRCA2 mutation and no patients carried both germline BRCA1 and germline BRCA2 mutations. The BRCAm status of all patients identified using prior local testing results was confirmed, where sent, by central testing. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of patients carried a deleterious mutation and 2% carried a suspected deleterious mutation. Large rearrangements in the BRCA1/2 genes were detected in 5.2 % (8/154) of the randomised patients.
Demographic and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the olaparib and placebo arms. Median age was 57 years in both arms; 30% of patients in the olaparib arm were ≥ 65 years compared to 20% in the placebo arm. Fifty-eight per-cent (58%) of patients in the olaparib arm and 50% of patients in the placebo arm were male. In the olaparib arm 89% of patients were White and 11% were non-White; in the placebo arm 95% of patients were White and 5% were non-White. Most patients were ECOG performance status 0 (71 % in the olaparib arm and 61 % in the placebo arm). Overall, the sites of metastasis prior to chemotherapy were liver 72%, lung 10% and other sites 50%. The median time from original diagnosis to randomisation across both arms was 6.9 months (range 3.6 to 38.4 months).
Overall, 75% of patients received FOLFIRINOX with a median of 9 cycles (range 4-61), 8% received FOLFOX or XELOX, 4% received GEMOX, and 3% received gemcitabine plus cisplatin; the remaining 10% of patients received other chemotherapy regimens. Duration of the first-line chemotherapy for metastatic disease was 4 to 6 months, >6 to <12 months and ≥12 months, respectively, in 77%, 19% and 4% of patients in the olaparib arm and in 80%, 17% and 3% in the placebo arm, with around 1 month from the last dose of the first-line chemotherapy component(s) to the start of study treatment in both arms. As best response on first-line chemotherapy, 7% of olaparib patients and 5% of placebo patients had a complete response, 44% of olaparib patients and 44% of placebo patients had a partial response and 49% of olaparib and 50% of placebo patients had stable disease. At randomisation, measurable disease was reported in 85% and 84% of patients in the olaparib or placebo arms, respectively. The median time from initiation of the first-line platinum-based chemotherapy to randomisation was 5.7 months (range 3.4 to 33.4 months).
At the time of PFS analysis, 33% of patients in the Olaparib arm and 13% on the placebo arm remained on study treatment. Forty-nine percent of patients (49%) in the olaparib arm and 74% in the placebo arm received subsequent therapy. Forty-two percent (42%) of patients in the olaparib arm and 55% in the placebo arm received platinum as subsequent therapy. One percent (1%) of patients in the olaparib arm and 15% in the placebo arm received PARP inhibitor as subsequent therapy. Of the 33 (36%) and 28 (45%) of patients who received a first subsequent platinum-containing therapy, in the olaparib and placebo arms, stable disease was reported in 8 vs 6 patients, whereas 1 vs 2 patients had responses, respectively.
The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), defined as time from randomisation to progression determined by BICR using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 modified to assess patients with no evidence of disease, or death. Secondary efficacy endpoints included overall survival (OS), time from randomisation to second progression or death (PFS2), time from randomisation to first subsequent anti-cancer therapy or death (TFST), objective response rate (ORR), duration of response (DoR), response rate, time to response and health related quality of life (HRQoL).
The study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in PFS for olaparib compared to placebo (Table 10). The BICR assessment of PFS was consistent with an investigator assessment.
At final analysis of OS, the percentage of patients that were alive and in follow-up was 28% in the olaparib arm and 18% in the placebo arm. (See Table 9 and Figures 11 and 12.)


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BRCA1/2-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: PROfound Study: The safety and efficacy of olaparib were studied in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in a Phase III randomised, open-label, multicentre trial that evaluated the efficacy of Lynparza versus a comparator arm of investigator's choice of NHA ([new hormonal agent] enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate).
Patients needed to have progressed on prior NHA for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and/or CRPC. For inclusion in Cohort A, patients needed to have deleterious or suspected deleterious mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Patients with ATM mutations were also randomised in Cohort A, but positive benefit-risk could not be demonstrated in this subpopulation of patients. Patients with mutations in other genes were randomised in Cohort B.
In this study 387 patients were randomised 2:1 to receive either olaparib (300 mg [2 x 150 mg tablets] twice daily) or comparator. In Cohort A there were 245 patients (162 olaparib and 83 comparator) and in Cohort B there were 142 patients (94 olaparib and 48 comparator). Patients were stratified by prior taxane use and evidence of measurable disease. Treatment was continued until disease progression. Patients randomised to comparator were given the option to switch to olaparib upon confirmed radiological BICR progression. Patients with BRCA1m, BRCA2m detected in their tumours were enrolled on the basis of prospective central testing, with the exception of 3 patients enrolled using a local test result. Of the 160 patients with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation in PROfound, 114 patients were retrospectively tested to determine if the identified BRCA1/2 mutation was germline or somatic in origin. Within these patients, 63 BRCA1/2 mutations were identified in the germline blood sample and hence were determined to be germline in origin. The remaining 51 patients did not have a tumour detected BRCA1/2 mutation identified in the germline blood sample and hence the BRCA1/2 mutations are determined to be somatic in origin. For the remaining 46 patients, somatic or germline origin is unknown.
Demographics and baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between the olaparib and comparator arms in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations. Median age was 68 years and 67 years in the olaparib and comparator arms, respectively. Prior therapy in the olaparib arm was 71% taxane, 41% enzalutamide, 37% abiraterone acetate and 20% both enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate. Prior therapy in the comparator arm was 60% taxane, 50% enzalutamide, 36% abiraterone acetate and 14% both enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of patients in the olaparib arm and 55% in the comparator arm had measurable disease at study entry. The proportion of patients with bone, lymph node, respiratory and liver metastases was 89%, 62%, 23% and 12%, respectively in the olaparib arm and 86%, 71%, 16% and 17%, respectively in the comparator arm. Most patients in both treatment arms had an ECOG of 0 or 1 (93%). Baseline pain scores (BPI-SF worst pain) were 0-<2 (52%), 2-3 (10%) or >3 (34%) in the olaparib arm and 0-<2 (45%), 2-3 (7%) or >3 (45%) in the comparator arm. Median baseline PSA was 57.48 μg/L in the olaparib arm and 103.95 μg/L in the comparator.
The primary endpoint of the study was radiological progression free survival (rPFS) in Cohort A determined by BICR using RECIST 1.1 (soft tissue) and Prostate Cancer Working Group (PCWG3) (bone). Key secondary endpoints included confirmed objective response rate (ORR) by BICR, rPFS by BICR, time to pain progression (TTPP) and overall survival (OS).
The study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in BICR assessed rPFS for olaparib vs comparator in Cohort A.
Results for patients with BRCA1/2 mutations are presented in Table 10. There was a statistically significant improvement in BICR assessed rPFS for olaparib vs the investigators choice of NHA arm in BRCA1/2m patients. The final analysis of OS demonstrated a nominally statistically significant improvement in OS BRCA1/2m patients randomised to Lynparza vs comparator. (See Table 10 and Figures 13 and 14.)


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Pharmacokinetics: The pharmacokinetics of olaparib at the 300 mg tablet dose are characterised by an apparent plasma clearance of ~7 L/h, an apparent volume of distribution of ~158 L and a terminal half-life of 15 hours. On multiple dosing, an AUC accumulation ratio of 1.8 was observed and PK appeared to be time-dependent to a small extent.
Absorption: Following oral administration of olaparib via the tablet formulation (2 x 150 mg), absorption is rapid with median peak plasma concentrations typically achieved 1.5 hours after dosing.
Co-administration with food slowed the rate (t_max delayed by 2.5 hours and C_max reduced by approximately 21%) but did not significantly affect the extent of absorption of olaparib (AUC increased 8%). Consequently, Lynparza may be taken without regard to food (see Dosage & Administration).
Distribution: The in vitro plasma protein binding is approximately 82% at 10 μg/mL which is approximately C_max.
In vitro, human plasma protein binding of olaparib was dose-dependent; the fraction bound was approximately 91% at 1 μg/mL, reducing to 82% at 10 µg/mL and to 70% at 40 μg/mL. In solutions of purified proteins, the olaparib fraction bound to albumin was approximately 56%, which was independent of olaparib concentrations. Using the same assay, the fraction bound to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein was 29% at 10 μg/mL with a trend of decreased binding at higher concentrations.
Biotransformation: In vitro, CYP3A4/5 were shown to be the enzymes primarily responsible for the metabolism of olaparib (see Interactions).
Following oral dosing of ¹⁴C-olaparib to female patients, unchanged olaparib accounted for the majority of the circulating radioactivity in plasma (70%) and was the major component found in both urine and faeces (15% and 6% of the dose, respectively). The metabolism of olaparib is extensive. The majority of the metabolism was attributable to oxidation reactions with a number of the components produced undergoing subsequent glucuronide or sulfate conjugation. Up to 20, 37 and 20 metabolites were detected in plasma, urine and faeces, respectively, the majority of them representing < 1% of the dosed material. A ring-opened piperazin-3-ol moiety, and two mono-oxygenated metabolites (each ~10%) were the major circulating components, with one of the mono-oxygenated metabolites also being the major metabolite in the excreta (6% and 5% of the urinary and faecal radioactivity, respectively).
In vitro, olaparib produced little/no inhibition of UGT1A4, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, or CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 or 2E1 and is not expected to be a clinically significant time dependent inhibitor of any of these CYP enzymes. Olaparib inhibited UGT1A1 in vitro, however, PBPK simulations suggest this is not of clinical importance. In vitro, olaparib is a substrate of the efflux transporter P-gp, however, this is unlikely to be of clinical significance (see Interactions).
In vitro, data also show that olaparib is not a substrate for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, BCRP or MRP2 and is not an inhibitor of OATP1B3, OAT1 or MRP2.
Elimination: Following a single dose of ¹⁴C-olaparib, ~86% of the dosed radioactivity was recovered within a 7-day collection period, ~44% via the urine and ~42% via the faeces. Majority of the material was excreted as metabolites.
Special populations: In population based PK analyses, patient age, gender, bodyweight, tumour location, or race (including White and Japanese patients) were not significant covariates.
Renal impairment: In patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance 51 to 80 ml/min), AUC increased by 24% and C_max by 15% compared with patients with normal renal function. No Lynparza dose adjustment is required for patients with mild renal impairment.
In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 31 to 50 ml/min), AUC increased by 44% and C_max by 26% compared with patients with normal renal function. Lynparza dose adjustment is recommended for patients with moderate renal impairment (see Dosage & Administration).
There are no data in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (creatinine clearance <30 ml/min).
Hepatic impairment: In patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classification A), AUC increased by 15% and C_max by 13% and in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classification B), AUC increased by 8% and C_max decreased by 13% compared with patients with normal hepatic function. No Lynparza dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (see Dosage & Administration). There are no data in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classification C).
Paediatric population: No studies have been conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of olaparib in paediatric patients.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Genotoxicity: Olaparib showed no mutagenic potential, but was clastogenic in mammalian cells in vitro. When dosed orally to rats, olaparib induced micronuclei in bone marrow. This clastogenicity is consistent with the known pharmacology of olaparib and indicates potential for genotoxicity in man.
Repeat-dose toxicity: In repeat-dose toxicity studies of up to 6 months duration in rats and dogs, daily oral doses of olaparib were well-tolerated. The major primary target organ for toxicity in both species was the bone marrow, with associated changes in peripheral haematology parameters. These changes were reversible within 4 weeks of cessation of dosing. In rats, minimal degenerative effects on gastrointestinal tract were also noted. These findings occurred at exposures below those seen clinically. Studies using human bone marrow cells also showed that direct exposure to olaparib can result in toxicity to bone marrow cells in ex vivo assays.
Reproductive toxicology: In a female fertility study where rats were dosed until implantation, although extended oestrus was observed in some animals, mating performance and pregnancy rate was not affected. However, there was a slight reduction in embryofoetal survival.
In rat embryofoetal development studies, and at dose levels that did not induce significant maternal toxicity, olaparib caused reduced embryofoetal survival, reduced foetal weight and foetal developmental abnormalities, including major eye malformations (e.g. anophthalmia, microphthalmia), vertebral/rib malformation and visceral and skeletal abnormalities.
Carcinogenicity: Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with olaparib.

Ovarian cancer: Lynparza is indicated as monotherapy for the: maintenance treatment of adult patients with advanced (FIGO stages III and IV) BRCA1/2-mutated (germline and/or somatic) high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who are in response (complete or partial) following completion of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy; maintenance treatment of adult patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who are in response (complete or partial) to platinum-based chemotherapy.
Lynparza in combination with bevacizumab is indicated for the: maintenance treatment of adult patients with advanced (FIGO stages III and IV) high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer who are in response (complete or partial) following completion of first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and whose cancer is associated with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) positive status defined by either a BRCA1/2 mutation and/or genomic instability (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: Lynparza is indicated as monotherapy for the maintenance treatment of adult patients with deleterious or suspected deleterious germline BRCA1/2-mutations who have metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and have not progressed on at least 16 weeks of a first-line platinum based chemotherapy regimen.
Breast cancer: Lynparza is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of adult patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations, who have HER2 negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Patients should have previously been treated with an anthracycline and a taxane in the (neo)adjuvant or metastatic setting unless patients were not suitable for these treatments (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer should also have progressed on or after prior endocrine therapy, or be considered unsuitable for endocrine therapy.
Prostate cancer: Lynparza tablets for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and BRCA1/2-mutations (germline and/or somatic) who have progressed following a prior therapy that included new hormonal agent.

Treatment with Lynparza should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the use of anticancer medicinal products.
Patients selection: Detection of BRCA1/2 mutations: Maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer: Before Lynparza treatment is initiated for first-line maintenance treatment of high-grade epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), fallopian tube cancer (FTC) or primary peritoneal cancer (PPC), patients must have confirmation of deleterious or suspected deleterious germline and/or somatic mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes (BRCA) 1 or 2 using a validated test.
Maintenance treatment of platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer: There is no requirement for BRCA1/2 testing prior to using Lynparza for the monotherapy maintenance treatment of relapsed EOC, FTC or PPC who are in a complete or partial response to platinum-based therapy.
Maintenance treatment of HRD positive advanced ovarian cancer in combination with bevacizumab: Before Lynparza with bevacizumab treatment is initiated for the maintenance treatment of EOC, FTC or PPC, patients must have confirmation of either deleterious or suspected deleterious BRCA1/2 mutation and/or genomic instability determined using a validated test (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
gBRCA1/2-mutated HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: For germline breast cancer susceptibility genes (gBRCA1/2) mutated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer, patients must have confirmation of a deleterious or suspected deleterious gBRCA1/2 mutation before Lynparza treatment is initiated. gBRCA1/2 mutation status should be determined by an experienced laboratory using a validated test method. Data demonstrating clinical validation of tumour BRCA1/2 tests in breast cancer are not currently available.
Maintenance treatment of gBRCA-mutated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: For maintenance treatment of germline BRCA1/2-mutated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, patients must have confirmation of a deleterious or suspected deleterious gBRCA1/2 mutation before Lynparza treatment is initiated. gBRCA1/2 mutation status should be determined by an experienced laboratory using a validated test method. Data demonstrating clinical validation of tumour BRCA1/2 tests in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas are not currently available.
HRR-gene mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): Patients must have confirmation of a homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene mutation (using either tumour DNA from a tissue sample, ctDNA obtained from a plasma sample or germline DNA obtained from a blood or another non-tumour sample) before Lynparza treatment is initiated. HRR genetic status should be determined by an experienced laboratory using a validated test method.
BRCA1/2-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: For BRCA1/2-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), patients must have confirmation of a deleterious or suspected deleterious BRCA1/2 mutation (using either tumour or blood sample) before Lynparza treatment is initiated (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions). BRCA1/2 mutation status should be determined by an experienced laboratory using a validated test method.
Genetic counselling for patients tested for mutations in BRCA1/2 genes should be performed according to local regulations.
Posology: Lynparza is available as 100 mg and 150 mg tablets.
The recommended dose of Lynparza in monotherapy or in combination with bevacizumab is 300 mg (two 150 mg tablets) taken twice daily, equivalent to a total daily dose of 600 mg. The 100 mg tablet is available for dose reduction.
Lynparza monotherapy: Patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed (PSR) high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who are in response (complete or partial) to platinum-based chemotherapy should start treatment with Lynparza no later than 8 weeks after completion of their final dose of the platinum-containing regimen.
Lynparza in combination with bevacizumab: When Lynparza is used in combination with bevacizumab for maintenance treatment of high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer following completion of first-line platinum-based therapy with bevacizumab, the dose of bevacizumab is 15 mg/kg once every 3 weeks. Refer to the full product information for bevacizumab (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Duration of treatment: Maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer: Patients can continue treatment until radiological disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or for up to 2 years if there is no radiological evidence of disease after 2 years of treatment. Patients with evidence of disease at 2 years, who in the opinion of the treating physician can derive further benefit from continuous treatment, can be treated beyond 2 years.
Maintenance treatment of platinum sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer: For patients with platinum sensitive relapsed high-grade epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer, it is recommended that treatment be continued until progression of the underlying disease or unacceptable toxicity.
Maintenance treatment of HRD positive advanced ovarian cancer in combination with bevacizumab: Patients can continue treatment with Lynparza until radiological disease progression, unacceptable toxicity or for up to 2 years if there is no radiological evidence of disease after 2 years of treatment. Patients with evidence of disease at 2 years, who in the opinion of the treating physician can derive further benefit from continuous Lynparza treatment, can be treated beyond 2 years. Refer to the product information for bevacizumab for the recommended overall duration of treatment of a maximum of 15 months including the periods in combination with chemotherapy and as maintenance (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Maintenance treatment of gBRCA-mutated metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: It is recommended that treatment be continued until progression of the underlying disease or unacceptable toxicity.
gBRCA1/2 mutated HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer: It is recommended that treatment be continued until progression of the underlying disease or unacceptable toxicity.
HRR-gene mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: it is recommended that treatment be continued until progression of the underlying disease.
BRCA1/2-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: It is recommended that treatment be continued until progression of the underlying disease or unacceptable toxicity. Medical castration with luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue should be continued during treatment in patients not surgically castrated.
There are no efficacy or safety data on maintenance retreatment with Lynparza following first or subsequent relapse in ovarian cancer patients or on retreatment of breast cancer patients (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions).
Important differences in posology between Lynparza tablets and capsules: Lynparza tablets (100 mg and 150 mg) should not be substituted for Lynparza capsules (50 mg) on a milligram-to-milligram basis due to differences in the dosing and bioavailability of each formulation. Therefore, the specific dose recommendations for each formulation should be followed.
Missing dose: If a patient misses a dose of Lynparza, they should take their next normal dose at its scheduled time.
Dose adjustments for adverse reactions: Treatment may be interrupted to manage adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and anaemia and dose reduction can be considered (see Adverse Reactions).
The recommended dose reduction is to 250 mg (one 150 mg tablet and one 100 mg tablet) twice daily (equivalent to a total daily dose of 500 mg).
If a further dose reduction is required, then reduction to 200 mg (two 100 mg tablets) twice daily (equivalent to a total daily dose of 400 mg) is recommended.
Dose adjustments for co-administration with CYP3A inhibitors: Concomitant use of strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitors is not recommended and alternative agents should be considered. If a strong CYP3A inhibitor must be co-administered, the recommended Lynparza dose reduction is to 100 mg (one 100 mg tablet) taken twice daily (equivalent to a total daily dose of 200 mg). If a moderate CYP3A inhibitor must be co-administered, the recommended Lynparza dose reduction is to 150 mg (one 150 mg tablet) taken twice daily (equivalent to a total daily dose of 300 mg) (see Precautions and Interactions).
Special populations: Elderly: No adjustment in starting dose is required for elderly patients.
Renal impairment: For patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 31 to 50 ml/min) the recommended dose of Lynparza is 200 mg (two 100 mg tablets) twice daily (equivalent to a total daily dose of 400 mg) (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Lynparza can be administered in patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance 51 to 80 ml/min) with no dose adjustment.
Lynparza is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease (creatinine clearance ≤ 30 ml/min), as safety and pharmacokinetics have not been studied in these patients. Lynparza may only be used in patients with severe renal impairment if the benefit outweighs the potential risk, and the patient should be carefully monitored for renal function and adverse events.
Hepatic impairment: Lynparza can be administered to patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classification A or B) with no dose adjustment (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions). Lynparza is not recommended for use in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classification C), as safety and pharmacokinetics have not been studied in these patients.
Non-Caucasian patients: There are limited clinical data available in non-Caucasian patients. However, no dose adjustment is required on the basis of ethnicity (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Paediatric population: The safety and efficacy of Lynparza in children and adolescents have not been established.
No data are available.
Method of administration: Lynparza is for oral use.
Lynparza tablets should be swallowed whole and not chewed, crushed, dissolved or divided. Lynparza tablets may be taken without regard to meals.

There is limited experience of overdose with olaparib. No unexpected adverse reactions were reported in a small number of patients who took a daily dose of up to 900 mg of olaparib tablets over two days. Symptoms of overdose are not established and there is no specific treatment in the event of Lynparza overdose. In the event of an overdose, physicians should follow general supportive measures and should treat the patient symptomatically.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in Excipients/Inactive Ingredients under Description.
Breast-feeding during treatment and for 1 month after the last dose (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).

Haematological toxicity: Haematological toxicity has been reported in patients treated with Lynparza, including clinical diagnoses and/or laboratory findings of generally mild or moderate (CTCAE grade 1 or 2) anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia. Patients should not start treatment with Lynparza until they have recovered from haematological toxicity caused by previous anticancer therapy (haemoglobin, platelet and neutrophil levels should be ≤CTCAE grade 1). Baseline testing, followed by monthly monitoring, of complete blood counts is recommended for the first 12 months of treatment and periodically after this time to monitor for clinically significant changes in any parameter during treatment (see Adverse Reactions).
If a patient develops severe haematological toxicity or blood transfusion dependence, treatment with Lynparza should be interrupted and appropriate haematological testing should be initiated. If the blood parameters remain clinically abnormal after 4 weeks of Lynparza dose interruption, bone marrow analysis and/or blood cytogenetic analysis are recommended.
Myelodysplastic syndrome/Acute myeloid leukaemia: The overall incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukaemia (MDS/AML) in patients treated in clinical trials with Lynparza monotherapy, including long-term survival follow-up, was <1.5% with higher incidence in patients with BRCAm platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer who had received at least two prior lines of platinum chemotherapy and were followed up for 5 years (see Adverse Reactions). The majority of events had a fatal outcome. The duration of therapy with Lynparza in patients who developed MDS/AML varied from < 6 months to > 4 years. All patients had potential contributing factors for the development of MDS/AML, having received previous chemotherapy with platinum agents. Many had also received other DNA damaging agents and radiotherapy. The majority of reports were in germline breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 or 2 (gBRCA1/2) mutation carriers. The incidence of MDS/AML cases was similar among gBRCA1m and gBRCA2m patients (1.7% and 1.4%, respectively). Some of the patients had a history of previous cancer or of bone marrow dysplasia. If MDS and/or AML are confirmed while on treatment with Lynparza, it is recommended that Lynparza should be discontinued and the patient be treated appropriately.
Pneumonitis: Pneumonitis, including events with a fatal outcome, has been reported in <1.0% of patients treated with Lynparza in clinical studies. Reports of pneumonitis had no consistent clinical pattern and were confounded by a number of pre-disposing factors (cancer and/or metastases in lungs, underlying pulmonary disease, smoking history, and/or previous chemotherapy and radiotherapy). If patients present with new or worsening respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea, cough and fever, or an abnormal chest radiologic finding is observed, Lynparza treatment should be interrupted and prompt investigation initiated. If pneumonitis is confirmed, Lynparza treatment should be discontinued and the patient treated appropriately.
Embryofoetal toxicity: Based on its mechanism of action (PARP inhibition), Lynparza could cause foetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Nonclinical studies in rats have shown that olaparib causes adverse effects on embryofoetal survival and induces major foetal malformations at exposures below those expected at the recommended human dose of 300 mg twice daily.
Interactions: Lynparza co-administration with strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitors is not recommended (see Interactions). If a strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitor must be co-administered, the dose of Lynparza should be reduced (see Dosage & Administration and Interactions).
Lynparza co-administration with strong or moderate CYP3A inducers is not recommended. In the event that a patient already receiving Lynparza requires treatment with a strong or moderate CYP3A inducer, the prescriber should be aware that the efficacy of Lynparza may be substantially reduced (see Interactions).
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Lynparza has moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients who take Lynparza may experience fatigue, asthenia or dizziness. Patients who experience these symptoms should observe caution when driving or using machines.
Use in Pregnancy: Lynparza should not be used during pregnancy. Women of childbearing potential must use two forms of reliable contraception before starting Lynparza treatment, during therapy and for 1 month after receiving the last dose of Lynparza. Two highly effective and complementary forms of contraception are recommended. Male patients and their female partners of childbearing potential should use reliable contraception during therapy and for 3 months after receiving the last dose of Lynparza (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).

Women of childbearing potential/contraception in females: Women of childbearing potential should not become pregnant while on Lynparza and not be pregnant at the beginning of treatment. A pregnancy test should be performed on all women of childbearing potential prior to treatment and considered regularly throughout treatment.
Women of childbearing potential must use two forms of reliable contraception before starting Lynparza therapy, during therapy and for 1 month after receiving the last dose of Lynparza, unless abstinence is the chosen method of contraception (see Precautions). Two highly effective and complementary forms of contraception are recommended.
Since it cannot be excluded that olaparib may reduce exposure to substrates of CYP2C9 through enzyme induction, the efficacy of some hormonal contraceptives may be reduced if co-administered with olaparib. Therefore, an additional non-hormonal contraceptive method should be considered during treatment (see Interactions). For women with hormone dependent cancer, two non-hormonal contraceptive methods should be considered.
Contraception in males: It is not known whether olaparib or its metabolites are found in seminal fluid. Male patients must use a condom during therapy and for 3 months after receiving the last dose of Lynparza when having sexual intercourse with a pregnant woman or with a woman of childbearing potential. Female partners of male patients must also use highly effective contraception if they are of childbearing potential (see Precautions). Male patients should not donate sperm during therapy and for 3 months after receiving the last dose of Lynparza.
Pregnancy: Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity including serious teratogenic effects and effects on embryofoetal survival in the rat at maternal systemic exposures lower than those in humans at therapeutic doses (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions). There are no data from the use of olaparib in pregnant women, however, based on the mode of action of olaparib, Lynparza should not be used during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential not using reliable contraception during therapy and for 1 month after receiving the last dose of Lynparza. (See previously mentioned: "Women of childbearing potential/contraception in females" for further information about birth control and pregnancy testing.)
Breast-feeding: There are no animal studies on the excretion of olaparib in breast milk. It is unknown whether olaparib or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Lynparza is contraindicated during breast-feeding and for 1 month after receiving the last dose, given the pharmacologic property of the product (see Contraindications).
Fertility: There are no clinical data on fertility. In animal studies, no effect on conception was observed but there are adverse effects on embryofoetal survival (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).

Summary of the safety profile: Lynparza has been associated with adverse reactions generally of mild or moderate severity (CTCAE grade 1 or 2) and generally not requiring treatment discontinuation. The most frequently observed adverse reactions across clinical trials in patients receiving Lynparza monotherapy (≥ 10%) were nausea, fatigue, anaemia, vomiting, diarrhoea, decreased appetite, headache, dysgeusia, cough, neutropenia, dyspnoea, dizziness, dyspepsia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
The Grade ≥ 3 adverse reactions occurring in > 2% of patients were anaemia (16%), neutropenia (5%), fatigue/asthenia (5%), thrombocytopenia (3%) and leukopenia (2%).
Adverse reactions that most commonly led to dose interruptions and/ or reductions in monotherapy were anaemia (17%), fatigue/asthenia (6%), vomiting (6%), nausea (6%), and neutropenia (6%). Adverse reactions that most commonly led to permanent discontinuation were anaemia (1.8%), thrombocytopenia (0.8%), fatigue/asthenia (0.7%), nausea (0.6%), neutropenia (0.5%) and vomiting (0.5%).
When Lynparza is used in combination with bevacizumab the safety profile is generally consistent with that of the individual therapies.
Adverse events led to dose interruption and/ or reduction of olaparib in 57.4% of patients when used in combination with bevacizumab and led to permanent discontinuation of treatment with olaparib/bevacizumab and placebo/bevacizumab in 20.4% and 5.6% of patients, respectively. The adverse reactions that most commonly led to dose interruption and/or reduction were anaemia (21.5%), nausea (9.5%) and fatigue/asthenia (5.2%). The adverse reactions that most commonly led to permanent discontinuation were anaemia (3.6%), nausea (3.4%) and fatigue/asthenia (1.5%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: The safety profile is based on pooled data from 3077 patients with solid tumours treated with Lynparza monotherapy in clinical trials at the recommended dose.
The following adverse reactions have been identified in clinical trials with patients receiving Lynparza monotherapy where patient exposure is known. Adverse drug reactions are listed by MedDRA System Organ Class (SOC) and then by MedDRA preferred term in Table 11. Within each SOC, preferred terms are arranged by decreasing frequency and then by decreasing seriousness. Frequencies of occurrence of adverse reactions are defined as: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from available data). (See Table 11.)


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Description of selected adverse reactions: Myelodysplastic syndrome/Acute myeloid leukaemia: In clinical studies, across all indications, MDS/AML occurred uncommonly in patients on treatment and during the 30-day safety follow up, and <1.5% at any time after starting olaparib, including cases actively solicited during the long term follow up for overall survival. In patients with BRCAm platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer who had received at least two prior lines of platinum chemotherapy and received study treatment until disease progression (SOLO2 study, with olaparib treatment ≥ 2 years in 45% of patients), the incidence of MDS/AML was 8% in patients receiving olaparib and 4% in patients receiving placebo at a follow-up of 5 years. In the olaparib arm, 9 out of 16 MDS/AML cases occurred after discontinuation of olaparib during the survival follow-up. The incidence of MDS/AML was observed in the context of extended overall survival in the olaparib arm and late onset of MDS/AML. The risk of MDS/AML remains < 1.5% at 5 year follow up in the first-line setting when olaparib maintenance treatment is given after one line of platinum chemotherapy for a duration of 2 years.
Haematological toxicity: Anaemia and other haematological toxicities were generally low grade (CTCAE grade 1 or 2), however, there were reports of CTCAE grade 3 and higher events. Anaemia was the most common CTCAE grade ≥3 adverse reaction reported in clinical studies. Median time to first onset of anaemia was approximately 4 weeks (approximately 7 weeks for CTCAE grade ≥3 events). Anaemia was managed with dose interruptions and dose reductions (see Dosage & Administration), and where appropriate with blood transfusions. In clinical studies with the tablet formulation, the incidence of anaemia adverse reactions was 39.2% (CTCAE grade ≥3 17.2%) and the incidences of dose interruptions, reductions and discontinuations for anaemia were 17.8%, 11.1% and 2.2%, respectively; 21.8% of patients treated with olaparib needed one or more blood transfusions. An exposure-response relationship between olaparib and decreases in haemoglobin has been demonstrated. In clinical studies with Lynparza the incidence of CTCAE grade ≥ 2 shifts (decreases) from baseline in haemoglobin was 20%, absolute neutrophils 20%, platelets 5%, lymphocytes 30% and leucocytes 20% (all % approximate).
The incidence of elevations in mean corpuscular volume from low or normal at baseline to above the ULN was approximately 68%. Levels appeared to return to normal after treatment discontinuation and did not appear to have any clinical consequences.
Baseline testing, followed by monthly monitoring of complete blood counts is recommended for the first 12 months of treatment and periodically after this time to monitor for clinically significant changes in any parameter during treatment which may require dose interruption or reduction and/or further treatment (see Dosage & Administration and Precautions).
Other laboratory findings: In clinical studies with Lynparza the incidence of CTCAE grade ≥ 2 shifts (elevations) from baseline in blood creatinine was approximately 11%. Data from a double-blind placebo-controlled study showed median increase up to 23% from baseline remaining consistent over time and returning to baseline after treatment discontinuation, with no apparent clinical sequelae. 90% of patients had creatinine values of CTCAE grade 0 at baseline and 10% were CTCAE grade 1 at baseline.
Gastrointestinal toxicities: Nausea was generally reported very early, with first onset within the first month of Lynparza treatment in the majority of patients. Vomiting was reported early, with first onset within the first two months of Lynparza treatment in the majority of patients. Both nausea and vomiting were reported to be intermittent for the majority of patients and can be managed by dose interruption, dose reduction and/or antiemetic therapy. Antiemetic prophylaxis is not required.
In ovarian cancer maintenance treatment, patients experienced nausea events (77% on olaparib, 38% on placebo), vomiting (40% on olaparib, 15% on placebo), diarrhoea (34% on olaparib, 25% on placebo) and dyspepsia (17% on olaparib, 12% on placebo). Nausea events led to discontinuation in 2.3% of olaparib-treated patients (CTCAE Grade 2) and 0.8% of placebo-treated patients (CTCAE Grade 1); 0.8% and 0.4% of olaparib-treated patients discontinued treatment due to low grade (CTCAE Grade 2) vomiting and dyspepsia, respectively. No olaparib or placebo-treated patients discontinued due to diarrhoea. No placebo-treated patients discontinued due to vomiting or dyspepsia. Nausea events led to dose interruption and dose reductions in 14% and 4%, respectively, of olaparib-treated patients. Vomiting events led to interruption in 10% of olaparib-treated patients; no olaparib-treated patients experienced a vomiting event leading to dose reduction.
Paediatric population: No studies have been conducted in paediatric patients.
Other special populations: Limited safety data are available in non-Caucasian patients.

Pharmacodynamic interactions: Clinical studies of olaparib in combination with other anticancer medicinal products, including DNA damaging agents, indicate a potentiation and prolongation of myelosuppressive toxicity. The recommended Lynparza monotherapy dose is not suitable for combination with myelosuppressive anticancer medicinal products.
Combination of olaparib with vaccines or immunosuppressant agents has not been studied. Therefore, caution should be taken if these medicinal products are co-administered with Lynparza and patients should be closely monitored.
Pharmacokinetic interactions: Effect of other medicinal products on olaparib: CYP3A4/5 are the isozymes predominantly responsible for the metabolic clearance of olaparib.
A clinical study to evaluate the impact of itraconazole, a known CYP3A inhibitor, has shown that co-administration with olaparib increased mean olaparib C_max by 42% (90% CI: 33-52%) and mean AUC by 170% (90% CI: 144-197%). Therefore, known strong (e.g. itraconazole, telithromycin, clarithromycin, protease inhibitors boosted with ritonavir or cobicistat, boceprevir, telaprevir) or moderate (e.g. erythromycin, diltiazem, fluconazole, verapamil) inhibitors of this isozyme are not recommended with Lynparza (see Precautions). If strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitors must be co-administered, the dose of Lynparza should be reduced. The recommended Lynparza dose reduction is to 100 mg taken twice daily (equivalent to a total daily dose of 200 mg) with a strong CYP3A inhibitor or 150 mg taken twice daily (equivalent to a total daily dose of 300 mg) with a moderate CYP3A inhibitor (see Dosage & Administration and Precautions). It is also not recommended to consume grapefruit juice while on Lynparza therapy as it is a CYP3A inhibitor.
A clinical study to evaluate the impact of rifampicin, a known CYP3A inducer, has shown that co-administration with olaparib decreased olaparib mean C_max by 71% (90% CI: 76-67%) and mean AUC by 87% (90% CI: 89-84%). Therefore, known strong inducers of this isozyme (e.g. phenytoin, rifampicin, rifapentine, carbamazepine, nevirapine, phenobarbital and St John's Wort) are not recommended with Lynparza, as it is possible that the efficacy of Lynparza could be substantially reduced. The magnitude of the effect of moderate to strong inducers (e.g. efavirenz, rifabutin) on olaparib exposure is not established, therefore the co-administration of Lynparza with these medicinal products is also not recommended (see Precautions).
Effect of olaparib on other medicinal products: Olaparib inhibits CYP3A4 in vitro and is predicted to be a mild CYP3A inhibitor in vivo. Therefore, caution should be exercised when sensitive CYP3A substrates or substrates with a narrow therapeutic margin (e.g. simvastatin, cisapride, cyclosporine, ergot alkaloids, fentanyl, pimozide, sirolimus, tacrolimus and quetiapine) are combined with olaparib. Appropriate clinical monitoring is recommended for patients receiving CYP3A substrates with a narrow therapeutic margin concomitantly with olaparib.
Induction of CYP1A2, 2B6 and 3A4 has been shown in vitro with CYP2B6 being most likely to be induced to a clinically relevant extent. The potential for olaparib to induce CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and P-gp can also not be excluded. Therefore, olaparib upon co-administration may reduce the exposure to substrates of these metabolic enzymes and transport protein. The efficacy of some hormonal contraceptives may be reduced if co-administered with olaparib (see Precautions and Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).
In vitro, olaparib inhibits the efflux transporter P-gp (IC50 = 76 μM), therefore it cannot be excluded that olaparib may cause clinically relevant drug interactions with substrates of P-gp (e.g. simvastatin, pravastatin, dabigatran, digoxin and colchicine). Appropriate clinical monitoring is recommended for patients receiving this type of medicinal product concomitantly.
In vitro, olaparib has been shown to be an inhibitor of BCRP, OATP1B1, OCT1, OCT2, OAT3, MATE1 and MATE2K. It cannot be excluded that olaparib may increase the exposure to substrates of BCRP (e.g. methotrexate, rosuvastatin), OATP1B1 (e.g. bosentan, glibenclamide, repaglinide, statins and valsartan), OCT1 (e.g. metformin), OCT2 (e.g. serum creatinine), OAT3 (e.g. furosemide and methotrexate), MATE1 (e.g. metformin) and MATE2K (e.g. metformin). In particular, caution should be exercised if olaparib is administered in combination with any statin.
Combination with anastrozole, letrozole and tamoxifen: A clinical study has been performed to assess the combination of olaparib with anastrozole, letrozole or tamoxifen. No significant interaction was observed with anastrozole or letrozole, whereas tamoxifen decreased exposure to olaparib by 27%. The clinical relevance of this effect is unknown. Olaparib does not affect the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen.

Incompatibilities: Not applicable.
Instructions for use, handling and disposal: Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture.
Do not store above 30°C.
Shelf-life: 36 months.

Targeted Cancer Therapy

L01XK01 - olaparib ; Belongs to the class of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Used in the treatment of cancer.

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