Linolid

Linezolid.

Each film coated tablet contains: Linezolid 600 mg.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, partially pregelatinised starch, hydroxy propylcellulose, magnesium stearate, opadry 03B58600 white and purified water.

Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Antibacterial for systemic use, other antibacterials. ATC code: J01XX08.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Linolid contains Linezolid, which is a synthetic, antibacterial agent that belongs to a new class of antimicrobials, the oxazolidinones. It has in vitro activity against aerobic Gram positive bacteria and anaerobic micro-organisms. Linezolid selectively inhibits bacterial protein synthesis via a unique mechanism of action. Specifically, it binds to a site on the bacterial ribosome (23S of the 50S subunit) and prevents the formation of a functional 70S initiation complex which is an essential component of the translation process.
The in vitro postantibiotic effect (PAE) of linezolid for Staphylococcus aureus was approximately 2 hours. When measured in animal models, the in vivo PAE was 3.6 and 3.9 hours for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively. In animal studies, the key pharmacodynamic parameter for efficacy was the time for which the linezolid plasma level exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the infecting organism.
Breakpoints: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints established by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for staphylococci and enterococci are Susceptible ≤ 4mg/L and Resistant >4 mg/L. For streptococci (including S. pneumoniae) the breakpoints are Susceptible ≤ 2 mg/L and Resistant >4 mg/L.
Non-species related MIC breakpoints are Susceptible ≤ 2 mg/L and Resistant > 4 mg/L. Non-species related breakpoints have been determined mainly on the basis of PK/PD data and are independent of MIC distributions of specific species. They are for use only for organisms that have not been given a specific breakpoint and not for those species where susceptibility testing is not recommended.
Susceptibility: The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.
Category: Susceptible organisms: Gram positive aerobes: Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium*, Staphylococcus aureus*, Coagulase negative staphylococci, Streptococcus agalactiae*.
Streptococcus pneumoniae*, Streptococcus pyogenes*, Group C streptococci, Group G streptococci.
Gram positive anaerobes: Clostridium perfringens, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus species.
Resistant organisms: Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria species, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas species.
*Clinical efficacy has been demonstrated for susceptible isolates in approved clinical indications.
Whereas linezolid shows some in vitro activity against Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, there are insufficient data to demonstrate clinical efficacy.
Resistance: Cross resistance: Linezolid's mechanism of action differs from those of other antibiotic classes. In vitro studies with clinical isolates (including methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and penicillin- and erythromycin-resistant streptococci) indicate that linezolid is usually active against organisms which are resistant to one or more other classes of antimicrobial agents.
Resistance to linezolid is associated with point mutations in the 23S rRNA.
As documented with other antibiotics when used in patients with difficult to treat infections and/or for prolonged periods, emergent decreases in susceptibility have been observed with linezolid. Resistance to linezolid has been reported in enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci. This generally has been associated with prolonged courses of therapy and the presence of prosthetic materials or undrained abscesses. When antibiotic-resistant organisms are encountered in the hospital it is important to emphasize infection control policies.
Information from clinical trials: Studies in the paediatric population: In an open study, the efficacy of linezolid (10 mg/kg q8h) was compared to vancomycin (10- 15mg/kg q6-24h) in treating infections due to suspected or proven resistant gram-positive pathogens(including nosocomial pneumonia, complicated skin and skin structure infections, catheter related bacteraemia, bacteraemia of unknown source, and other infections), in children from birth to 11 years. Clinical cure rates in the clinically evaluable population were 89.3% (134/150) and 84.5% (60/71) for linezolid and vancomycin, respectively (95%CI: -4.9, 14.6).
Pharmacokinetics: Linolid primarily contains (s)-linezolid which is biologically active and is metabolised to form inactive derivatives.
Absorption: Linezolid is rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral dosing. Maximum plasma concentrations are reached within 2 hours of dosing. Absolute oral bioavailability of linezolid (oral and intravenous dosing in a crossover study) is complete (approximately 100%). Absorption is not significantly affected by food and absorption from the oral suspension is similar to that achieved with the film-coated tablets.
Plasma linezolid C_max and C_min (mean and [SD]) at steady-state following twice daily intravenous dosing of 600 mg have been determined to be 15.1 [2.5] mg/l and 3.68 [2.68] mg/l, respectively.
In another study following oral dosing of 600 mg twice daily to steady-state, C_max and C_min were determined to be 21.2 [5.8] mg/l and 6.15 [2.94] mg/l, respectively. Steady-state conditions are achieved by the second day of dosing.
Distribution: Volume of distribution at steady-state averages at about 40-50 litres in healthy adults and approximates to total body water. Plasma protein binding is about 31% and is not concentration dependent.
Linezolid concentrations have been determined in various fluids from a limited number of subjects in volunteer studies following multiple dosing. The ratio of linezolid in saliva and sweat relative to plasma was 1.2:1.0 and 0.55:1.0, respectively. The ratio for epithelial lining fluid and alveolar cells of the lung was 4.5:1.0 and 0.15:1.0, when measured at steady-state C_max, respectively. In a small study of subjects with ventricular-peritoneal shunts and essentially non-inflamed meninges, the ratio of linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid to plasma at C_max was 0.7:1.0 after multiple linezolid dosing.
Metabolism: Linezolid is primarily metabolised by oxidation of the morpholine ring resulting mainly in the formation of two inactive open-ring carboxylic acid derivatives; the aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite (PNU-142300) and the hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite (PNU-142586). The hydroxyethyl glycine metabolite (PNU-142586) is the predominant human metabolite and is believed to be formed by a non-enzymatic process. The aminoethoxyacetic acid metabolite (PNU-142300) is less abundant. Other minor, inactive metabolites have been characterised.
Elimination: In patients with normal renal function or mild to moderate renal insufficiency, linezolid is primarily excreted under steady-state conditions in the urine as PNU-142586 (40%), parent drug (30%) and PNU-142300 (10%). Virtually no parent drug is found in the faeces whilst approximately 6% and 3% of each dose appears as PNU-142586 and PNU-142300, respectively. The elimination half-life of linezolid averages at about 5-7 hours.
Non-renal clearance accounts for approximately 65% of the total clearance of linezolid. A small degree of non-linearity in clearance is observed with increasing doses of linezolid. This appears to be due to lower renal and non-renal clearance at higher linezolid concentrations. However, the difference in clearance is small and is not reflected in the apparent elimination half-life.
Special populations: Renal impairment: After single doses of 600 mg, there was a 7-8 fold increase in exposure to the two primary metabolites of linezolid in the plasma of patients with severe renal insufficiency (i.e. creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min). However, there was no increase in AUC of parent drug. Although there is some removal of the major metabolites of linezolid by haemodialysis, metabolite plasma levels after single 600 mg doses were still considerably higher following dialysis than those observed in patients with normal renal function or mild to moderate renal insufficiency.
In 24 patients with severe renal insufficiency, 21 of whom were on regular haemodialysis, peak plasma concentrations of the two major metabolites after several days dosing were about 10 fold those seen in patients with normal renal function. Peak plasma levels of linezolid were not affected.
The clinical significance of these observations has not been established as limited safety data are currently available (see Dosage & Administration and Precautions).
Hepatic impairment: Limited data indicate that the pharmacokinetics of linezolid, PNU-142300 and PNU-142586 are not altered in patients with mild to moderate hepatic insufficiency (i.e. Child-Pugh class A or B). The pharmacokinetics of linezolid in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency (i.e. Child-Pugh class C) have not been evaluated. However, as linezolid is metabolised by a non-enzymatic process, impairment of hepatic function would not be expected to significantly alter its metabolism (see Dosage & Administration and Precautions).
Paediatric population (< 18 years old): There are insufficient data on the safety and efficacy of linezolid in children and adolescents (< 18 years old) and therefore, use of linezolid in this age group is not recommended (see Dosage & Administration). Further studies are needed to establish safe and effective dosage recommendations. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that after single and multiple doses in children (1 week to 12 years), linezolid clearance (based on kg body weight) was greater in paediatric patients than in adults, but decreased with increasing age.
In children 1 week to 12 years old, administration of 10 mg/kg every 8 hours daily gave exposure approximating to that achieved with 600 mg twice daily in adults.
In neonates up to 1 week of age, the systemic clearance of linezolid (based on kg body weight) increases rapidly in the first week of life. Therefore, neonates given 10 mg/kg every 8 hours daily will have the greatest systemic exposure on the first day after delivery. However, excessive accumulation is not expected with this dosage regimen during the first week of life as clearance increases rapidly over that period.
In adolescents (12 to 17 years old), linezolid pharmacokinetics were similar to that in adults following a 600mg dose. Therefore, adolescents administered 600 mg every 12 hours daily will have similar exposure to that observed in adults receiving the same dosage.
In paediatric patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts who were administered linezolid 10mg/kg either 12 hourly or 8 hourly, variable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) linezolid concentrations were observed following either single or multiple dosing of linezolid. Therapeutic concentrations were not consistently achieved or maintained in the CSF. Therefore, the use of linezolid for the empirical treatment of paediatric patients with central nervous system infections is not recommended.
Elderly: The pharmacokinetics of linezolid is not significantly altered in elderly patients aged 65 and over.
Female patients: Females have a slightly lower volume of distribution than males and the mean clearance is reduced by approximately 20% when corrected for body weight. Plasma concentrations are higher in females and this can partly be attributed to body weight differences. However, because the mean half-life of linezolid is not significantly different in males and females, plasma concentrations in females are not expected to substantially rise above those known to be well tolerated and, therefore, dose adjustments are not required.

Nosocomial pneumonia: Community acquired pneumonia: Linolid is indicated in adults for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia and nosocomial pneumonia when known or suspected to be caused by susceptible Gram positive bacteria. In determining whether Linolid is an appropriate treatment, the results of microbiological tests or information on the prevalence of resistance to antibacterial agents among Gram positive bacteria should be taken into consideration (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions for the appropriate organisms).
Linezolid is not active against infections caused by Gram negative pathogens. Specific therapy against Gram negative organisms must be initiated concomitantly if a Gram negative pathogen is documented or suspected.
Complicated skin and soft tissue infections (see Precautions). Linolid is indicated in adults for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections only when microbiological testing has established that the infection is known to be caused by susceptible gram positive bacteria.
Linezolid is not active against infections caused by Gram negative pathogens. Linezolid should only be used in patients with complicated skin and soft tissue infections with known or possible co-infection with Gram negative organisms if there are no alternative treatment options available (see Precautions). In these circumstances treatment against Gram negative organisms must be initiated concomitantly.
Linezolid should only be initiated in a hospital environment and after consultation with a relevant specialist such as a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist.

Dosage: Linolid film-coated tablets may be used as initial therapy. Patients who commence treatment on the parenteral formulation may be switched to either oral presentation when clinically indicated. In such circumstances, no dose adjustment is required as linezolid has an oral bioavailability of approximately 100%.
Recommended dosage and duration of treatment for adults: The duration of treatment is dependent on the pathogen, the site of infection and its severity, and on the patient's clinical response.
The maximum treatment duration is 28 days. The safety and effectiveness of linezolid when administered for periods longer than 28 days have not been established (see Precautions).
No increase in the recommended dosage or duration of treatment is required for infections associated with concurrent bacteraemia.
The dose recommendations for tablets are as follows: Infections: Nosocomial Pneumonia, Community acquired pneumonia, Complicated skin and soft tissue infections.
Dosage: 600 mg twice daily.
Duration of treatment: 10-14 Consecutive days.
Paediatric Population: The safety and efficacy of linezolid in children aged (< 18 years old) has not been established. Currently available data are described in Adverse Reactions, Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics under Actions but no recommendation on a posology can be made.
Elderly: No dose adjustment is required.
Renal impairment: No dose adjustment is required (see Precautions and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Severe renal impairment (i.e. CL_CR < 30 ml/min): No dose adjustment is required. Due to the unknown clinical significance of higher exposure (up to 10 fold) to the two primary metabolites of linezolid in patients with severe renal insufficiency, linezolid should be used with special caution in these patients and only when the anticipated benefit is considered to outweigh the theoretical risk.
As approximately 30% of a linezolid dose is removed during 3 hours of haemodialysis, linezolid should be given after dialysis in patients receiving such treatment. The primary metabolites of linezolid are removed to some extent by haemodialysis, but the concentrations of these metabolites are still very considerably higher following dialysis than those observed in patients with normal renal function or mild to moderate renal insufficiency.
Therefore, linezolid should be used with special caution in patients with severe renal insufficiency who are undergoing dialysis and only when the anticipated benefit is considered to outweigh the theoretical risk.
To date, there is no experience of linezolid administration to patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or alternative treatments for renal failure (other than haemodialysis).
Hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment is required. However, there are limited clinical data and it is recommended that linezolid should be used in such patients only when the anticipated benefit is considered to outweigh the theoretical risk (see Precautions and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Method of administration: The recommended linezolid dosage should be administered orally twice daily.
Route of administration: Oral use.
The film-coated tablets may be taken with or without food.

No specific antidote is known.
No cases of overdose have been reported. However, the following information may prove useful: Supportive care is advised together with maintenance of glomerular filtration. Approximately 30% of a linezolid dose is removed during 3 hours of haemodialysis, but no data are available for the removal of linezolid by peritoneal dialysis or haemoperfusion. The two primary metabolites of linezolid are also removed to some extent by haemodialysis.
Signs of toxicity in rats following doses of 3000 mg/kg/day linezolid were decreased activity and ataxia whilst dogs treated with 2000 mg/kg/day experienced vomiting and tremors.

Hypersensitivity to linezolid or to any of the excipients.
Linezolid should not be used in patients taking any medicinal product which inhibits monoamine oxidases A or B (e.g. phenelzine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, moclobemide) or within two weeks of taking any such medicinal product.
Unless there are facilities available for close observation and monitoring of blood pressure, linezolid should not be administered to patients with the following underlying clinical conditions or on the following types of concomitant medications: Patients with uncontrolled hypertension, phaeochromocytoma, carcinoid, thyrotoxicosis, bipolar depression, schizoaffective disorder, acute confusional states.
Patients taking any of the following medications: serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (see Precautions), tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin 5-HT₁ receptor agonists (triptans), directly and indirectly acting sympathomimetic agents (including the adrenergic bronchodilators, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine), vasopressive agents (e.g. epinephrine, norepinephrine), dopaminergic agents (e.g. dopamine, dobutamine), pethidine or buspirone.
Animal data suggest that linezolid and its metabolites may pass into breast milk and, accordingly, breast-feeding should be discontinued prior to and throughout administration (see Use in Pregnancy & Lactation).

Myelosuppression: Myelosuppression (including anaemia, leucopenia, pancytopenia and thrombocytopenia) has been reported in patients receiving linezolid. In cases where the outcome is known, when linezolid was discontinued, the affected haematologic parameters have risen toward pretreatment levels. The risk of these effects appears to be related to the duration of treatment. Elderly patients treated with linezolid may be at greater risk of experiencing blood dyscrasias than younger patients. Thrombocytopenia may occur more commonly in patients with severe renal insufficiency, whether or not on dialysis. Therefore, close monitoring of blood counts is recommended in patients who: have pre-existing anaemia, granulocytopenia or thrombocytopenia; are receiving concomitant medications that may decrease haemoglobin levels, depress blood counts or adversely affect platelet count or function; have severe renal insufficiency; receive more than 10-14 days of therapy. Linezolid should be administered to such patients only when close monitoring of haemoglobin levels, blood counts and platelet counts is possible. If significant myelosuppression occurs during linezolid therapy, treatment should be stopped unless it is considered absolutely necessary to continue therapy, in which case intensive monitoring of blood counts and appropriate management strategies should be implemented.
In addition, it is recommended that complete blood counts (including haemoglobin levels, platelets, and total and differentiated leucocyte counts) should be monitored weekly in patients who receive linezolid regardless of baseline blood count.
In compassionate use studies, a higher incidence of serious anaemia was reported in patients receiving linezolid for more than the maximum recommended duration of 28 days. These patients more often required blood transfusion. Cases of anaemia requiring blood transfusion have also been reported post marketing, with more cases occurring in patients who received linezolid therapy for more than 28 days.
Cases of sideroblastic anaemia have been reported post-marketing. Where time of onset was known, most patients had received linezolid therapy for more than 28 days. Most patients fully or partially recovered following discontinuation of linezolid with or without treatment for their anaemia.
Mortality imbalance in a clinical trial in patients with catheter-related Gram positive bloodstream infections: Excess mortality was seen in patients treated with linezolid, relative to vancomycin/dicloxacillin/oxacillin, in an open-label study in seriously ill patients with intravascular catheter-related infections [78/363 (21.5%) vs 58/363 (16.0%)]. The main factor influencing the mortality rate was the Gram positive infection status at baseline. Mortality rates were similar in patients with infections caused purely by Gram positive organisms (odds ratio 0.96; 95% confidence interval: 0.58-1.59) but were significantly higher (p=0.0162) in the linezolid arm in patients with any other pathogen or no pathogen at baseline (odds ratio 2.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.38-4.46). The greatest imbalance occurred during treatment and within 7 days following discontinuation of study drug. More patients in the linezolid arm acquired Gram negative pathogens during the study and died from infection caused by Gram negative pathogens and polymicrobial infections. Therefore, in complicated skin and soft tissue infections linezolid should only be used in patients with known or possible co-infection with Gram negative organisms if there are no alternative treatment options available (see Indications/Uses). In these circumstances treatment against Gram negative organisms must be initiated concomitantly.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and colitis: Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and antibiotic-associated colitis, including pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, has been reported in association with the use of nearly all antibiotics including linezolid and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who develop serious diarrhoea during or after the use of linezolid. If antibiotic-associated diarrhoea or antibiotic-associated colitis is suspected or confirmed, ongoing treatment with antibacterial agents, including linezolid, should be discontinued and adequate therapeutic measures should be initiated immediately. Drugs inhibiting peristalsis are contraindicated in this situation.
Lactic acidosis: Lactic acidosis has been reported with the use of linezolid. Patients who develop signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis including recurrent nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, a low bicarbonate level, or hyperventilation while receiving linezolid should receive immediate medical attention. If lactic acidosis occurs, the benefits of continued use of linezolid should be weighed against the potential risks.
Mitochondrial dysfunction: Linezolid inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis. Adverse events, such as lactic acidosis, anaemia and neuropathy (optic and peripheral), may occur as a result of this inhibition; these events are more common when the drug is used longer than 28 days.
Serotonin syndrome: Spontaneous reports of serotonin syndrome associated with the coadministration of linezolid and serotonergic agents, including antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported. Co-administration of linezolid and serotonergic agents is therefore contraindicated (see Contraindications) except where administration of linezolid and concomitant serotonergic agents is essential. In those cases patients should be closely observed for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome such as cognitive dysfunction, hyperpyrexia, hyperreflexia and incoordination. If signs or symptoms occur physicians should consider discontinuing either one or both agents; if the concomitant serotonergic agent is withdrawn, discontinuation symptoms can occur.
Peripheral and optic neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy, as well as optic neuropathy and optic neuritis sometimes progressing to loss of vision, have been reported in patients treated with Linezolid; these reports have primarily been in patients treated for longer than the maximum recommended duration of 28 days.
All patients should be advised to report symptoms of visual impairment, such as changes in visual acuity, changes in colour vision, blurred vision, or visual field defect. In such cases, prompt evaluation is recommended with referral to an ophthalmologist as necessary. If any patients are taking Linezolid for longer than the recommended 28 days, their visual function should be regularly monitored.
If peripheral or optic neuropathy occurs, the continued use of Linezolid should be weighed against the potential risks.
There may be an increased risk of neuropathies when linezolid is used in patients currently taking or who have recently taken antimycobacterial medications for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Convulsions: Convulsions have been reported to occur in patients when treated with Linezolid. In most of these cases, a history of seizures or risk factors for seizures was reported. Patients should be advised to inform their physician if they have a history of seizures.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Linezolid is a reversible, non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAOI); however, at the doses used for antibacterial therapy, it does not exert an anti-depressive effect. There are very limited data from drug interaction studies and on the safety of linezolid when administered to patients with underlying conditions and/or on concomitant medications which might put them at risk from MAO inhibition. Therefore, linezolid is not recommended for use in these circumstances unless close observation and monitoring of the recipient is possible (see Contraindication and Interactions).
Use with tyramine-rich foods: Patients should be advised against consuming large amounts of tyramine-rich foods (see Interactions).
Superinfection: The effects of linezolid therapy on normal flora have not been evaluated in clinical trials.
The use of antibiotics may occasionally result in an overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. For example, approximately 3% of patients receiving the recommended linezolid doses experienced drug-related candidiasis during clinical trials. Should superinfection occur during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Special populations: Linezolid should be used with special caution in patients with severe renal insufficiency and only when the anticipated benefit is considered to outweigh the theoretical risk (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
It is recommended that linezolid should be given to patients with severe hepatic insufficiency only when the perceived benefit outweighs the theoretical risk (see Dosage & Administration and Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Impairment of fertility: Linezolid reversibly decreased fertility and induced abnormal sperm morphology in adult male rats at exposure levels approximately equal to those expected in humans; possible effects of linezolid on the human male reproductive system are not known (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Clinical trials: The safety and effectiveness of linezolid when administered for periods longer than 28 days have not been established.
Controlled clinical trials did not include patients with diabetic foot lesions, decubitus or ischaemic lesions, severe burns or gangrene. Therefore, experience in the use of linezolid in the treatment of these conditions is limited.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: Patients should be warned about the potential for dizziness or symptoms of visual impairment (as previously mentioned  text and Adverse Reactions) whilst receiving linezolid and should be advised not to drive or operate machinery if any of these symptoms occurs.

Pregnancy: There are no adequate data from the use of linezolid in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. A potential risk for humans exists.
Linezolid should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary i.e. only if the potential benefit outweighs the theoretical risk.
Breast-feeding: Animal data suggest that linezolid and its metabolites may pass into breast milk and, accordingly, breastfeeding should be discontinued prior to and throughout administration.
Fertility: In animal studies, linezolid caused a reduction in fertility.

The below mentioned provides a listing of adverse drug reactions that occurred at frequencies ≥ 0.1% or considered to be serious in clinical studies that enrolled more than 2,000 adult patients who received the recommended linezolid doses for up to 28 days.
Those most commonly reported were diarrhoea (8.4%), headache (6.5%), nausea (6.3%) and vomiting (4.0%).
The most commonly reported drug-related adverse events which led to discontinuation of treatment were headache, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. About 3% of patients discontinued treatment because they experienced a drug-related adverse event.
Additional adverse reactions reported from post-marketing experience are included in the table with frequency category 'Not known', since the actual frequency cannot be estimated from the available data.
The following undesirable effects have been observed and reported during treatment with linezolid with the following frequencies: Very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Infections and infestations: Common: Candidiasis, oral candidiasis, vaginal candidiasis, fungal infections.
Uncommon: Vaginitis.
Frequency not known: Antibiotic-associated colitis, including pseudomembranous colitis*.
Blood and the lymphatic system disorders: Common: Anaemia*.
Uncommon: Leucopenia*, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia*, eosinophilia.
Rare:-Pancytopenia*.
Frequency not known: Myelosuppression*, sideroblastic anaemia*.
Immune system disorders: Frequency not known: Anaphylaxis.
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Uncommon: hyponatraemia.
Frequency not known: Lactic acidosis*.
Psychiatric disorders: Common: Insomnia.
Nervous system disorders: Common: Headache, taste perversion (metallic taste), dizziness.
Uncommon: Convulsions, hypoaesthesia, paraesthesia.
Frequency not known: Serotonin syndrome**, convulsions*, peripheral neuropathy*.
Eye disorders: Uncommon: Blurred vision*.
Rare: Changes in visual field defect*.
Frequency not known: Optic neuropathy*, optic neuritis*, loss of vision*, changes in visual acuity*, changes in colour vision*, changes in visual field defect*.
Ear and labyrinth disorders: Uncommon: Tinnitus.
Cardiac disorders: Uncommon: Arrhythmia (tachycardia).
Vascular disorders: Common: Hypertension.
Uncommon: phlebitis, thrombophlebitis. Transient ischaemic attacks.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Common: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, localized or general abdominal pain, constipation, dyspepsia.
Uncommon: Pancreatitis, gastritis, abdominal distention, dry mouth, glossitis, loose stools, stomatitis, tongue discolouration or disorder.
Frequency not known: Superficial tooth discolouration.
Hepato-biliary disorders: Common: Abnormal liver function test; increased AST, ALT or alkaline phosphatase.
Uncommon: Increased total bilirubin.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Common: Pruritus, rash.
Uncommon: Urticaria, dermatitis, diaphoresis.
Frequency not known: Bullous disorders such as those described as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, angioedema, alopecia.
Renal and urinary disorders: Common: Increased BUN.
Uncommon: Polyuria, increased creatinine, Renal failure.
Reproductive system and breast disorders: Uncommon: Vulvovaginal disorder.
General disorders and administration site conditions: Common: Fever, localised pain.
Uncommon: Chills, fatigue, injection site pain, increased thirst.
Investigations: Common: Chemistry: Increased LDH, creatine kinase, lipase, amylase or non fasting glucose.
Decreased total protein, albumin, sodium or calcium. Increased or decreased potassium or bicarbonate.
Haematology: Increased neutrophils or eosinophils. Decreased haemoglobin, haematocrit or red blood cell count. Increased or decreased platelet or white blood cell counts.
Uncommon: Chemistry: Increased sodium or calcium. Decreased non fasting glucose. Increased or decreased chloride.
Haematology: Increased reticulocyte count. Decreased neutrophils.
*See Precautions.
**See Contraindications and Interactions.
^†See as follows.
The following adverse reactions to linezolid were considered to be serious in rare cases: localised abdominal pain, transient ischaemic attacks and hypertension.
^†In controlled clinical trials where linezolid was administered for up to 28 days, 2.0% of the patients reported anaemia. In a compassionate use program of patients with life-threatening infections and underlying co-morbidities, the percentage of patients who developed anaemia when receiving linezolid for ≤ 28 days was 2.5% (33/1326) as compared with 12.3% (53/430) when treated for >28 days. The proportion of cases reporting drug-related serious anaemia and requiring blood transfusion was 9% (3/33) in patients treated for ≤ 28 days and 15% (8/53) in those treated for >28 days.
Paediatric population: Safety data from clinical studies based on more than 500 paediatric patients (from birth to 17 years) do not indicate that the safety profile of linezolid for paediatric patients differs from that for adult patients.
Adverse Drug Reactions: Inform doctors about unexpected reactions after using drugs.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Linezolid is a reversible, non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAOI). There are very limited data from drug interaction studies and on the safety of linezolid when administered to patients on concomitant medications that might put them at risk from MAO inhibition. Therefore, linezolid is not recommended for use in these circumstances unless close observation and monitoring of the recipient is possible (see Contraindications and Precautions).
Potential interactions producing elevation of blood pressure: In normotensive healthy volunteers, linezolid enhanced the increases in blood pressure caused by pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride. Co-administration of linezolid with either pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine resulted in mean increases in systolic blood pressure of the order of 30-40 mmHg, compared with 11-15 mmHg increases with linezolid alone, 14-18 mmHg with either pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine alone and 8-11 mmHg with placebo. Similar studies in hypertensive subjects have not been conducted. It is recommended that doses of drugs with a vasopressive action, including dopaminergic agents, should be carefully titrated to achieve the desired response when co-administered with linezolid.
Potential serotonergic interactions: The potential drug-drug interaction with dextromethorphan was studied in healthy volunteers. Subjects were administered dextromethorphan (two 20 mg doses given 4 hours apart) with or without linezolid. No serotonin syndrome effects (confusion, delirium, restlessness, tremors, blushing, diaphoresis and hyperpyrexia) have been observed in normal subjects receiving linezolid and dextromethorphan.
Post marketing experience: there has been one report of a patient experiencing serotonin syndrome-like effects while taking linezolid and dextromethorphan which resolved on discontinuation of both medications.
During clinical use of linezolid with serotonergic agents, including antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported. Therefore, while co-administration is contraindicated (see Contraindications), management of patients for whom treatment with linezolid and serotonergic agents is essential, is described in Precautions.
Use with tyramine-rich foods: No significant pressor response was observed in subjects receiving both linezolid and less than 100 mg tyramine. This suggests that it is only necessary to avoid ingesting excessive amounts of food and beverages with a high tyramine content (e.g. mature cheese, yeast extracts, undistilled alcoholic beverages and fermented soya bean products such as soy sauce).
Drugs metabolised by cytochrome P450: Linezolid is not detectably metabolised by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system and it does not inhibit any of the clinically significant human CYP isoforms (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4). Similarly, linezolid does not induce P450 isoenzymes in rats. Therefore, no CYP450-induced drug interactions are expected with linezolid.
Rifampicin: The effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid was studied in sixteen healthy adult male volunteers administered linezolid 600 mg twice daily for 2.5 days with and without rifampicin 600 mg once daily for 8 days. Rifampicin decreased the linezolid Cmax and AUC by a mean 21% [90% CI, 15, 27] and a mean 32% [90% CI, 27, 37], respectively. The mechanism of this interaction and its clinical significance are unknown.
Warfarin: When warfarin was added to linezolid therapy at steady-state, there was a 10% reduction in mean maximum INR on co-administration with a 5% reduction in AUC INR. There are insufficient data from patients who have received warfarin and linezolid to assess the clinical significance, if any, of these findings.

Store below 30°C.
Shelf-Life: 36 months.

Other Antibiotics

J01XX08 - linezolid ; Belongs to the class of other antibacterials. Used in the systemic treatment of infections.

POM

FC tab 600 mg (White, oval shape, biconvex, plain on both sides) x 1 x 10's, 10 x 10's.