Agents that decrease theophylline levels include barbiturates, charcoal, ketoconazole, rifampin, smoking and sulfinpyrazone. Agents that increase theophylline levels include allopurinol, β-blockers (nonselective), calcium-channel blockers, cimetidine, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, disulfiram, ephedrine, interferon, macrolides and quinolones.