There is no evidence from animal studies that carvedilol has any teratogenic effects. The relevance of these findings for humans is uncertain. Animal studies have shown that carvedilol crosses the placental barrier and is excreted in breast milk and therefore, the possibility of the consequences of α- and β-blockade in the human fetus and neonate should be borne in mind. Carvedilol, is therefore, not recommended for use during pregnancy or in breastfeeding mothers.